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as an important component of its dairy development programmes. The strategy was to train women in modern animal husbandry practices, and a large number of training programmes were specifically organized for women. Special incentives given to all women dairy co- operative societies in order to encourage participation of women in governance of the co- operatives.

The dairy sector has been considered as a potential means of alleviating large scale unemployment, especially in women community rural areas. Dairy sector enterprise not only improves the socio-economic status of rural women community, but also assures a sustained and assured means of income to supplement their income from the main enterprise. The major activities involved in dairy sector include collection of cultivation of fodder, grazing the animals, feeding & watering, cleaning the animals and shed, milking and marketing of milk. The operations are flexible and staggered depending upon the convenience of the family members and need not necessarily be attended foregoing wage employment opportunities. 

Present Situation Empowerment of Women Community in Karnataka Scenario

In 1974 the first dairy development programme started in Karnataka with financial help of the World Bank and the central and state government. It was implemented in the framework of operation flood and under the guidance of the NDDB. The main goal of the project was to incorporate the existing dairy cooperatives and multi-purpose cooperatives at the village level into the three-tier Anand model, as well as to establish new DCS in villages without cooperatives. By the end of the project the targeted number of 1,800 DCS and four district unions were established.

Karnataka milk federation is to empower women dairy farmers to improve quality and productivity of milk. Through education these aim to harness their potential by building an entrepreneurial spirit in rural women in the state. Dairy development as a subsidiary source of occupation and income realized to most of the farmers in the women community. Majority of two-thirds of the dairy activities are mostly in the hands of small and marginal farmers and landless labourers in Karnataka.

The largest dairy development in Karnataka is the Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF) owned and managed by over 2.2 million milk producers and organized in over 12,000 DCS at village level and also 13 milk unions at district level in the three-tier Co- operative model. The federation’s responsibility is the coordination among the unions and the marketing of the produce within and outside the state under the common brand name NANDINI.

Community Empowerment of Rural Women for Dairy Development Programmes in Karnataka

In Karnatakastateregarding the promotion of women’s participation in DCS, KMF supports the Support to Training and Employment Programme (STEP) for women, which was initiated by the government of Karnataka in 1997. Since then about 1,200 women dairy cooperative societies (WDCS) have been established. The women receive benefits such as free loans because they are purchase milk animals and selling to customers. Therefore women also developing in the status and improving they are family. In Karnataka state weekly once organized training progammes, especially for women (KMF, 2014).

Concept of Support to Training and Empowerment Programmes for Women

The Programme of STEP aims to make a significant impact by upgrading skills and providing employment to women. Especially, focusing for this development programme women milk producers in rural areas of the state. on a project basis by mobilizing women in viable groups, improving skills, arranging for productive assets, creating backward and forward linkages, improving /arranging for support services, providing access to credit and awareness generation programmes in gender sensitization, nutrition education, legal literacy and sensitization of project functionaries.  Thus STEP advocates a package of inputs aiming at the integrated development of poor women in traditional sectors.  The ultimate Endeavour of the project is to develop the group to thrive on a self sustaining basis in the market place with the minimal Governmental support and intervention after the completion of project period.

Socio- economic Conditions of Various Programmes Women Empowerment in Karnataka

Karnataka milk federation provides to various women empowerment development programmes and improvement of women target groups in rural area. In this programmes helps to financial co- operation of especially rural women in Karnataka. In this following programmes necessary to all gender.

Health and Nutrition Programme

This programme provide to intensive knowledge to all the women members of the society for welfare of their family members in terms of health and hygiene, balanced food, mother and child health care, safe drinking water, vaccination, preventive measures for diseases, usage of locally available vegetables, eradication of poverty alleviation, eradication of dogmatic social customs and rituals and prevention of malnutrition, demonstration of infant and young child nutritious food preparation from the locally available materials. In dairy development women programmes to provide organized 3 to 4 one day shibiras and financially help to every one WDCS Rs 6000 to 8000.

Legal Literacy Programme

In this Legal Literacy Programme is conducted at village level with the assistance of eminent advocates particularly women advocates who are taken to the village to impart awareness on rights of women in property, prevention of dowry, authorities to approach in case of domestic violence, harassment etc. The visits are arranged to Courts, Police Stations, Tahsildar Offices and Banks to acquaint themselves regarding the working of these institutions. This programme conducted weekly twice in shibiras.

Gender Sensitization Programme

This programme most important are conducted to sensitize women members in gender differences and to promote girl child education on par with male child and widow re-marriages. Know-how regarding agencies working for the welfare of women and the financial assistance available from Government agencies is provided to create self- sustaining ability in women folk. Shibira for male orientation for the husbands of the women members to sensitize those regarding multifarious problems faced by women and to enlist their co- operation in running institutions managed by women.

Self-Help Groups Programme

Another important programmes of WDCS is promotion of Self- Help Groups (SHG) by its Target Group Members. STEP Programme implementation proposes formation of at least one Self- Help Group. In this way 1375 SHGs are formed with a savings of Rs.475.33 lakhs. The Nandini Self- Help Groups which are centers of empowerment are working for the socio-economic development of rural women.

Ksheera Sanjeevini Programme:

Karnataka Milk Federation to provide most important programme ‘Ksheera Sanjeevini’ - Phase-I project with Sanjeevini- Karnataka State Rural Livelihood Promotion Society (KSRLPS) from April 2014. The proposed project brings 250 existing Women Dairy Co-operative Societies by the 13 District Milk Unions into the fold of Ksheera Sanjeevini. It is anticipated to enroll 10,000 women as Target Group Members (TGMs) with a procurement of 62,000 liters of milk per day. This project will provide direct employment to 750 rural women in 250 WDCS. The outlay of the project is Rs.17.10 Crores for three years. The project cost per beneficiary would be Rs.17,100/-, each WDCS gets a grant of approximately Rs.4.55 Lakhs for Management, Training, awareness Programmes and for granting interest free loan for purchasing milk animals, Insurance for the animals and transportation and cattle feed for one time. The share of Sanjeevini- KSRLPS is 86.85% and implementing agency i.e., KMF and its member Unions share is 13.15%. The Project envisages enhancing the net income of women by Rs.3000/- to Rs.3500/- per month by the end of the project. The project aims at socio economic development of women through dairy farming.

Table- 3 :Milk Production in Karnataka

Years

Milk Production (Million Tonnes)

2004-05

3982

2005- 06

4024

2006- 07

4124

2007- 08

4244

2008- 09

4538

2009-10

4822

2010- 11

5114

Source: Karnataka Milk Federation, 2014 GOK

In this table 3 reveals that milk production in Karnataka. In the overall table shows that between 2004-05 and 2010-11 milk production in Karnataka. During 2004-05 was 3982 million tonnes and in the recent year 2010-11 is 5114 million tonnes. In this table on growing sector year to year milk production in Karnataka.

Conclusion

Dairy development programmes are positively growing in India and Karnataka level. Empowerment of women and dairy development are helped to specially for rural women in India. It helps not only to create self employment, but also create daily income also. So many rural people adopted only milk production it helped mainly to children health. Governments also encourage through subsidy for animals and animal foods. Totally who are rearing of cattle’s that helps to improve family living in happily and healthy.

Reference

Rao, V.M., “Development of Women through Dairy Co-Operatives- A study in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka” Artha Vijnana, 2003, 45(1-2), PP 54-61

Halakatti,S.V., C. M. Sajjan, D. S. M. Gowda And Vijaylaxmi Kamaraddi, “Empowerment Of Women Through Dairy Training”, Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences : 20 (1), 2007

Dr. M.S. Ramananda (2012) “Dairy Co-Operative – Viable Tool for Rural Development” International Journal of Research in IT & Management, Volume 2, Issue 11 (November 2012)

Sheela K. S. and Dr. A Ramegowda (2013) Dairy Cooperatives and Empowerment of Women, International Journal of Advanced Social Science and Humanities Vol. 2, No. 9, pp. 034-042, September, 2013

 

An overview of community empowerment with special reference to scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, backward classes in India

Padmini.S.V.

Assistant Professor, Department of Studies and Research in Economics, Tumkur University, Tumkur

Abstract

Community empowerment is nothing but a process of enabling communities to increase control over their lives. "Communities" are groups of people that may or may not be spatially connected, but who share common interests, concerns or identities. Empowerment of community means more than the involvement, participation or engagement of communities. It implies ownership of community and action that explicitly aims at social and political change. The Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are official designations given to various groups of historically disadvantaged people. The terms are recognised in the Constitution of India and the various groups are designated in one or other of the categories. During the period of British rule in the Indian subcontinent, they were known as the Depressed Classes. In modern literature, the Scheduled Castes are sometimes referred to as Dalits. The objectives of the study are to examinethe percentage of Scheduled Caste,ScheduledTribe,other backward classes and others in each religion, to examine the notable people among Scheduled castes ,Scheduled tribes and backward classes, to examine the percentage of reservation for scheduled .

Keywords: Scheduled scheduledcaste, Scheduledtribe, backward class, depressed classes, reservation policy,

Introduction:

Community empowerment is nothing but a process of enabling communities to increase control over their lives. "Communities" are groups of people that may or may not be spatially connected, but who share common interests, concerns or identities. These communities may be local, national or international, with specific or broad interests. 'Empowerment' is the process by which people gain control over the factors and decisions that shape their lives. With the help of empowerment it is possible to increase their assets and attributes and build capacities to gain access, partners, networks and/or a voice, in order to gain control.

Empowerment of community means more than the involvement, participation or engagement of communities. It implies ownership of community and action that explicitly aims at social and political change. Community empowerment is a process of re-negotiating power in order to gain more control. Power is a vital concept in community empowerment . Economic freedom is the fundamental right of every human to control his or her own labor and property. In an economically free society, individuals are free to work, produce, consume, and invest in any way they please. In economically free societies, governments allow labor, capital, and goods to move freely, and refrain from coercion or constraint of liberty beyond the extent necessary to protect and maintain liberty itself.

The Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are official designations given to various groups of historically disadvantaged people. The terms are recognised in the Constitution of India and the various groups are designated in one or other of the categories. During the period of British rule in the Indian subcontinent, they were known as the Depressed Classes. In modern literature, the Scheduled Castes are sometimes referred to as Dalits. Since independence, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were given Reservation status, guaranteeing political representation.In addition to this, the Constitution lays down the general principles of