The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, vol 5, Sir Richard Francis Burton [best book clubs .txt] 📗

made; how many veins, bones and vertebrae are there in his body; which is the first and chief vein and why Adam was named Adam?” She replied, “Adam was called Adam, because of his udmah, that is, the wheaten colour of his complexion and also (it is said) because he was created of the adim of the earth, that is to say, of the surface-soil. His breast was made of the earth of the Ka’abah, his head of earth from the East and his legs of earth from the West. There were created for him seven doors in his head, viz., the eyes, the ears, the nostrils and the mouth, and two passages, before and behind. The eyes were made the seat of the sight-sense, the ears the seat of the hearing-sense, the nostrils the seat of the smell-sense, the mouth the seat of the taste-sense and the tongue to utter what is in the heart of man.[FN#393] Now Adam was made of a compound of the four elements, which be water, earth, fire and air. The yellow bile is the humour of fire, being hot-dry; the black bile that of earth, being cold-dry; the phlegm that of water, being cold-moist, and the blood that of air, being hot-moist.[FN#394] There were made in man three hundred and sixty veins, two hundred and forty-nine bones, and three souls[FN#395]

or spirits, the animal, the rational and the natural, to each of which is allotted its proper function. Moreover, Allah made him a heart and spleen and lungs and six intestines and a liver and two kidneys and buttocks and brain and bones and skin and five senses; hearing, seeing, smell, taste, touch. The heart He set on the left side of the breast and made the stomach the guide and governor thereof. He appointed the lungs for a fan to the heart and stablished the liver on the right side, opposite thereto.

Moreover, He made, besides this, the diaphragm and the viscera and set up the bones of the breast and latticed them with the ribs.” Q “How many ventricles are there in a man’s head?” “Three, which contain five faculties, styled the intrinsic senses, to wit, common sense, imagination, the thinking faculty, perception and memory.” Q “Describe to me the configuration of the bones.”—And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased to say her permitted say.

 

When it was the Four Hundred and Fiftieth Night, She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when the physicist said to her, “Describe to me the configuration of the bones,” she replied, “Man’s frame consists of two hundred and forty bones, which are divided into three parts, the head, the trunk and the extremities. The head is divided into calvarium and face. The skull is constructed of eight bones, and to it are attached the four osselets of the ear. The face is furnished with an upper jaw of eleven bones and a lower jaw of one; and to these are added the teeth two-and-thirty in number, and the os hyoides.[FN#396] The trunk is divided into spinal column, breast and basin. The spinal column is made up of four-and-twenty bones, called Fik�r or vertebr�; the breast, of the breastbone and the ribs, which are four-and-twenty in number, twelve on each side; and the basin of the hips, the sacrum[FN#397] and os coccygis.

The extremities divided into upper and lower, arms and legs. The arms are again divided: firstly into shoulder, comprising shoulder blades and collar bone; secondly into the upper arm which is one bone; thirdly into forearm, composed of two bones, the radius and the ulna; and fourthly into the hand, consisting of the wrist, the metacarpus of five and the fingers, which number five, of three bones each, called the phalanges, except the thumb, which hath but two. The lower extremities are divided: firstly into thigh, which is one bone; secondly into leg, composed of three bones, the tibia, the fibula and the patella; and thirdly into the foot, divided, like the hand, into tarsus, metatarsus and toes; and is composed of seven bones, ranged in two rows, two in one and five in the other; and the metatarsus is composed of five bones and the toes number five, each of three phalanges except the big toe which hath only two.” Q “Which is the root of the veins?” “The aorta, from which they ramify, and they are many, none knoweth the tale of them save He who created them; but I repeat, it is said that they number three hundred and sixty.[FN#398] Moreover, Allah hath appointed the tongue as interpreter for the thought, the eyes to serve as lanterns, the nostrils to smell with, and the hands for prehensors. The liver is the seat of pity, the spleen of laughter[FN#399] and the kidneys of craft; the lungs are ventilators, the stomach the store-house, and the heart the prop and pillar of the body. When the heart is sound, the whole body is sound, and when the heart is corrupt, the whole body is corrupt.” Q “What are the outward signs and symptoms evidencing disease in the members of the body, both external and internal?” “A physician, who is a man of understanding, looketh into the state of the body and is guided by the feel of the hands,[FN#400] according as they are firm or flabby, hot or cool, moist or dry. Internal disorders are also indicated by external symptoms, such as yellowness of the white of the eyes, which denoteth jaundice, and bending of the back, which denoteth disease of the lungs.” And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.

 

When it was the Four Hundred and Fifty-first Night, She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when the damsel had described to the doctor the outer signs and symptoms quoth he, “Thou hast replied aright! now what are the internal symptoms of disease?” “The science of the diagnosis of disease by internal symptoms is founded upon six canons: (1) the patient’s actions; (2) what is evacuated from his body; (3) the nature of the pain; and (4) the site thereof; (5) swelling; and (6) the effluvia given off his person.” Q “How cometh hurt to the head?”

“By the ingestion of food upon food, before the first be digested, and by fullness upon fullness; this it is that wasteth peoples. He who would live long, let him be early with the morning-meal and not late with the evening-meal; let him be sparing of commerce with women and chary of such depletory measures as cupping and blood-letting; and let him make of his belly three parts, one for food, one for drink and the third for air; for that a man’s intestines are eighteen spans in length and it befitteth that he appoint six for meat, six for drink, and six for breath. If he walk, let him go gently; it will be wholesomer for him and better for his body and more in accordance with the saying of the Almighty, ‘Walk not proudly on the earth.’”[FN#401]

Q “What are the symptoms of yellow bile and what is to be feared therefrom?” “The symptoms are sallow complexion and bitter taste in the mouth with dryness; failure of the appetite, venereal and other, and rapid pulse; and the patient hath to fear high fever and delirium and eruptions and jaundice and tumour and ulcers of the bowels and excessive thirst.” Q “What are the symptoms of black bile and what hath the patient to fear from it, an it get the mastery of the body?” “The symptoms are false appetite and great mental disquiet and cark and care; and it behoveth that it be evacuated, else it will generate melancholia[FN#402] and leprosy and cancer and disease of the spleen and ulceration of the bowels.” Q “Into how many branches is the art of medicine divided?” “Into two: the art of diagnosing diseases, and that of restoring the diseased body to health.” Q “When is the drinking of medicine more efficacious than otherwhen?” “When the sap runs in the wood and the grape thickens in the cluster and the two auspicious planets, Jupiter and Venus, are in the ascendant; then setteth in the proper season for drinking of drugs and doing away of disease.” Q “What time is it, when, if a man drink water from a new vessel, the drink is sweeter and lighter or more digestible to him than at another time, and there ascendeth to him a pleasant fragrance and a penetrating?” “When he waiteth awhile after eating, as quoth the poet,

 

‘Drink not upon thy food in haste but wait awhile; Else thou with halter shalt thy frame to sickness lead: And patient bear a little thirst from food, then drink; And thus, O brother, haply thou shalt win thy need.[FN#403]’”

 

Q “What food is it that giveth not rise to ailments?” “That which is not eaten but after hunger, and when it is eaten, the ribs are not filled with it, even as saith J�l�n�s or Galen the physician, ‘Whoso will take in food, let him go slowly and he shall not go wrongly.’ And to conclude with His saying (on whom be blessing and peace!), ‘The stomach is the house of disease, and diet is the head of healing; for the origin of all sickness is indigestion, that is to say, corruption of the meat’”—And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased to say her permitted say.

 

When it was the Four Hundred and Fifty-second Night, She continued, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when the damsel said to the doctor, “‘The stomach is the house of disease and diet is the head of healing; for the origin of all sickness is indigestion, that is to say, corruption of the meat in the stomach;’” he rejoined, “Thou hast replied aright! what sayest thou of the Hammam?” “Let not the full man enter it. Quoth the Prophet, ‘The bath is the blessing of the house, for that it cleanseth the body and calleth to mind the Fire.’” Q “What Hammams are best for bathing in?” “Those whose waters are sweet and whose space is ample and which are kept well aired; their atmosphere representing the four seasons—autumn and summer and winter and spring.” Q “What kind of food is the most profitable?”

“That which women make and which hath not cost overmuch trouble and which is readily digested. The most excellent of food is brewis[FN#404] or bread sopped in broth; according to the saying of the Prophet, ‘Brewis excelleth other food, even as Ayishah excelleth other women.’” Q “What kind of kitchen, or seasoning, is most profitable?” “‘Flesh meat’ (quoth the Prophet) ‘is the most excellent of kitchen; for that it is the delight of this world and the next world.’” Q “What kind of meat is the most profitable?” “Mutton; but jerked meat is to be avoided, for there is no profit in it.” Q “What of fruits?” “Eat them in their prime and quit them when their season is past.” Q “What sayest thou of drinking water?” “Drink it not in large quantities nor swallow it by gulps, or it will give thee head-ache and cause divers kinds of harm; neither drink it immediately after leaving the Hammam nor after carnal copulation or eating (except it be after the lapse of fifteen minutes for a young man and forty for an old man), nor after waking from sleep.” Q “What of drinking fermented liquors?” “Doth not the prohibition suffice thee in the Book of Almighty Allah, where He saith, ‘Verily, wine and lots and images, and the divining arrows are an abomination, of Satan’s work; therefore avoid them, that ye may prosper’?[FN#405] And again, ‘They will ask thee concerning wine and lots’: Answer, ‘In both there is great sin and also some things of use