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>[3] Mars, by Percival Lowell, p. 207 et seq.

[4] General Astronomy, by Charles A. Young. Revised edition, 1898, p. 363.

[5] Many of the present difficulties about temperatures on the various planets would be beautifully disposed of if we could accept the theory urged by Mr. Cope Whitehouse, to the effect that the sun is not really a hot body at all, and that what we call solar light and heat are only local manifestations produced in our atmosphere by the transformation of some other form of energy transmitted from the sun; very much as the electric impulses carried by a wire from the transmitting to the receiving station on a telephone line are translated by the receiver into waves of sound. According to this theory, which is here mentioned only as an ingenuity and because something of the kind so frequently turns up in one form or another in popular semi-scientific literature, the amount of heat and light on a planet would depend mainly upon local causes.

[6] Grant's History of Physical Astronomy, p. 241.

[7] Popular Astronomy, by Simon Newcomb, p. 335.

[8] General Astronomy, by Charles A. Young. Revised edition, 1898, p. 372.

[9] "Since the discovery of Eros, the extraordinary position of its orbit has led to the suggestion that possibly Mars itself, instead of being regarded as primarily a major planet, belonging to the terrestrial group, ought rather to be considered as the greatest of the asteroids, and a part of the original body from which the asteroidal system was formed."—J. Bauschinger, Astronomische Nachrichten, No. 3542.

[10] The Observatory, No. 286, December, 1899.

[11] Davy, of course, was aware that, owing to increase of distance, the sun would appear to an inhabitant of Saturn with a disk only one ninetieth as great in area as that which it presents to our eyes.

[12] For further details about Saturn's rings, see The Tides, by G.H. Darwin, chap. xx.

[13] The Tides, by G.H. Darwin, p. 333.

[14] Ikaromenippus; or, Above the Clouds. Prof. D.C. Brown's translation.

[15] The Moon, a Full Description and Map of its Principal Features, by Thomas Gwyn Elger, 1895.

Those who desire to read detailed descriptions of lunar scenery may consult, in addition to Mr. Elger's book, the following: The Moon, considered as a Planet, a World, and a Satellite, by James Nasmyth and James Carpenter, 1874; The Moon, and the Condition and Configurations of its Surface, by Edmund Neison, 1876. See also Annals of Harvard College Observatory, vol. xxxii, part ii, 1900, for observations made by Prof. William H. Pickering at the Arequipa Observatory.

[16] The discovery of free hydrogen in the earth's atmosphere, by Professor Dewar, 1901, bears upon the theory of the escape of gases from a planet, and may modify the view above expressed. Since hydrogen is theoretically incapable of being permanently retained in the free state by the earth, its presence in the atmosphere indicates either that there is an influx from space or that it emanates from the earth's crust. In a similar way it may be assumed that atmospheric gases can be given off from the crust of the moon, thus, to a greater or less extent, supplying the place of the molecules that escape.

[17] Comptes Rendus, June 26, July 3, 1899.

[18] The Tides, by G.H. Darwin, chapter xvi.

[19] Annals of Harvard College Observatory, vol. xxxii, part ii, 1900.

[20] Comptes Rendus, June 23, July 3, 1899.

[21] In our latitudes, planets are never seen in the northern quarter of the sky. When on the meridian, they are always somewhere between the zenith and the southern horizon.

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INDEX
Agassiz, Alexander, on deep-sea animals, 63. Asteroids, the, 16, 129. brightness of, 130. imaginary adventures on, 146. life on, 144. number of, known, 129. orbits of, 132. origin of, 138, 143. size of, 129. Aristarchus, lunar crater, 226. Atmosphere, importance of, 20. Bailey, Solon I., on oppositions of Eros, 134. Barnard, E.E., discovers fifth satellite of Jupiter, 181. measures asteroids, 129. on Saturn's rings, 205. Belopolski, on rotation of Venus, 79. Ceres, an asteroid, 129, 130. Clefts in the moon, 226. Copernicus, lunar crater, 223, 242. Darwin, George H., on Jupiter and Saturn, 206. on origin of moon, 235. theory of tidal friction, 32. Davy, Sir Humphry, on Saturn, 190. Dawes sees canals on Mars, 93. Deimos, satellite of Mars, 125. Denning, W.F., description of Jupiter, 175. De Vico on rotation of Venus, 76. Dewar, James, discovers free hydrogen in air, 232. De Witt discovers Eros, 133. Dick, Thomas, on Saturn, 201. Douglass, A.E., sees Mars's canals, 92. sees clouds in Mars, 119. Doppler's principle, 79, 200. Earth and moon's orbit, 217. birth of moon from, 236. change of distance from sun, 27. less advanced than Mars, 89. older than Venus, 58. seen from Mercury, 41. seen from Venus, 69-71, 75. seen from moon, 214. Earth, similarity to Venus, 46. supposed signals to and from Mars, 110. Elger, T.G., on cracks in moon, 227. on Tycho's rays, 246. Ephemeris, how to use, 260, 264. Eros, an asteroid, 131-134, 136, 137. Flammarion, C., observes Venus's atmosphere, 56. on plurality of worlds, 8. Forbes, Prof. George, on ultra-Neptunian planet, 210. Galileo on lunar world, 215. Gravity, as affecting life on planets, 20, 46. Hall, Asaph, discovers Mars's moons, 90. Herodotus, lunar crater, 227. Herschel, Sir John, on Saturn, 185. Holden, E.S., on photograph of lunar crater, 242. Huggins on Mercury's atmosphere, 21. Inhabitants of foreign planets, 1, 4, 5. Interplanetary communication, 1, 3, 72, 110, 112. Juno, an asteroid, 129. Jupiter, cloudy aspect of, 165. density of, 162. distance of, 161. equatorial belts on, 165. future of, 180. gravity on, 162. great red spot on, 169. markings outside the belts, 168. and the nebular theory, 178. once a companion star, 179. polar compression of, 161. possibly yet incandescent, 177. question of a denser core, 176. resemblance of, to sun, 174. rotation of, 161, 173. satellites of, 166, 181. seen from satellites, 182. size of, 160. solar light and heat on, 182. south belt of, 172. surface conditions of, 163. theories about the red spot, 170. trade-winds and the belts of, 167. various rates of rotation of, 173. visibility of rotation of, 166. Keeler, J.E., on Saturn's rings, 200. Kepler, lunar crater, 223. Kinetic theory of gases, 116. Kirkwood, Daniel, on asteroids, 131. Lagrange on Olbers's theory, 139. Lick Observatory and Mars's canals, 92. Life, a planetary phenomenon, 10. in sea depths, 62. on planets, 62, 63. prime requisites of, 64. resisting extreme cold, 123. universality of, 9. Loewy and Puiseux, on lunar atmosphere, 248. on lunar "seas," 234. Lowell, Percival, description of Mars, 108. on markings of Venus, 60. on Mercury's rotation, 33. on rotation of Venus, 77. sees Mars's canals, 92. theory of Martian canals, 101. Lucian, on appearance of earth from moon, 213. Lyman, C.S., observes Venus's atmosphere, 55. Mars, age of, 89. atmosphere of, 86, 115, 117. bands of life on, 104. canals on, 90. described by Schiaparelli, 93. gemination of, 91, 105. have builders of, disappeared? 107. and irrigation, 101. and lines of vegetation, 102. and seasonal changes, 99. and water circulation, 100. carbon dioxide on, 118. circular spots or "oases" on, 103. colors of, 89. dimensions of, 86. distance of, 85, 86. enigmatical lights on, 111. gravity on, 86. inclination of axis, 86. length of year, 86. Lowell's theory of, 101. light and heat on, 85. moonlight on, 128. orbit of, 85. polar caps of, 87, 118. possible size of inhabitants, 106. satellites of, 90, 124, 126. seasons on, 87. supposed signals from, 110, 112. temperature of, 120, 122. water vapor on, 117. Mercury, atmosphere of, 21, 28, 43, 44. day and night on, 34, 38, 40. dimensions, 18. earth seen from, 41. habitability of, 33, 40, 44. heavens seen from, 41, 42. heat and light on, 25, 28. holds place of honor, 19. length of year, 24. mass of, 19. moon visible from, 41. resemblances to moon, 43. rotation of, 30. shape of orbit, 23. sun as seen from, 37. velocity in orbit, 23. Venus seen from, 41. virtual fall toward sun, 24. visibility of, 21. water on, 43. Moon, the area of surface, 219. atmosphere of, 7, 215, 231, 247, 248. clouds on, 6, 245. constitution of, 236. craters, 221. day and night on, 254. distance of, 212, 215. density of, 219. former cataclysm on, 237. former life on, 241, 243. giantism on, 228, 229. gravity on, 219, 228, 229. libration of, 249. meteorites and, 230. mountains on, 220. the older world in, 242. origin of, 235. phases and motions of, 250. rotation of, 249. seas of, 234. size of, 218. snow on, 246. speculation about, 212. temperature of, 255. vegetation on, 6, 244, 247. visibility of features of, 213. Nasmyth and Carpenter on lunar craters, 224. Neptune, description of, 208-210. Newcomb, Simon, on Olbers's theory, 141. Newton, lunar crater, 222. Olbers's theory of planetary explosion, 138. on Vesta's light, 138. Pallas, an asteroid, 129. Perrotin sees canals on Mars, 92. Phobos, satellite of Mars, 125. Pickering, E.C., discovers ninth moon of Saturn, 195. finds Eros on Harvard plates, 133. on shape of Eros, 136. on light of Eros, 137. Pickering, W.H., on lunar atmosphere, 247. observes changes in moon, 244. sees Mars's canals, 92. theory of Tycho's rays, 246. on Venus's atmosphere, 54. Planets, classification of, 15. how to find, 256, 273. resemblances among, 12. Plato, lunar ring plain, 225. Plurality of worlds in literature, 2. subject ignored, 8. Proctor, R.A., on Jupiter's moons, 180. on other worlds, 8. Roche's limit, 201. Rosse, Lord, on temperature of moon, 255. Saturn, age of, 189. composition of, 190. density of, 188. distance of, 186. the gauze ring, 199-202. gravity on, 188. inclination of axis, 187. interior of, 206. length of year, 186. popular telescopic object, 185. rings of, 185, 196. gaps in, 197. origin of, 200. periodic disappearance of, 198. seen from planet, 207. shadow of, 198. rotation of, 187. satellites of, 195. size of, 187. Schiaparelli discovers canals on Mars, 90. describes Martian canals, 93. discovers Mercury's rotation, 30, 32. on rotation of Venus, 76. Solar system, shape and size of, 14. unity of, 9. viewed from space, 11. Stoney, Johnstone, on atmospheres of planets, 116. on escape of gases from moon, 231. Sun, the, isolation in space, 13. no life on, 10. resemblances with Jupiter, 174. Swedenborg, on Saturn's rings, 204. Tidal friction, 80, 81, 236,
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