Lives Of The Poets, Vol. 1 (fiscle part-III), Samuel Johnson [good summer reads .TXT] 📗
- Author: Samuel Johnson
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Narrowness Of Its Plots, And Fewness Of Persons; And Try Whether That
Be Not A Fault In the Greek Poets; And Whether Their Excellency Was So
Great, When The Variety Was Visibly So Little; Or Whether What They Did
Was Not Very Easy To Do.
"Then Make A Judgment On What The English Have Added to Their Beauties:
As, For Example, Not Only More Plot, But Also New Passions; As, Namely,
That Of Love, Scarcely Touched on By The Ancients, Except In this One
Example Of Phaedra, Cited by Mr. Rymer; And In that How Short They Were
Of Fletcher!
"Prove Also That Love, Being an Heroick Passion, Is Fit For Tragedy,
Which Cannot Be Denied, Because Of The Example Alleged of Phaedra; And
How Far Shakespeare Has Outdone Them In friendship, &C.
"To Return To The Beginning of This Inquiry; Consider If Pity And Terrour
Be Enough For Tragedy To Move: And I Believe, Upon A True Definition Of
Tragedy, It Will Be Found That Its Work Extends Farther, And That It Is
To Reform Manners, By A Delightful Representation Of Human Life In great
Persons, By Way Of Dialogue. If This Be True, Then Not Only Pity And
Terrour Are To Be Moved, As The Only Means To Bring us To Virtue, But
Generally Love To Virtue, And Hatred to Vice; By Showing the Rewards Of
One, And Punishments Of The Other; At Least, By Rendering virtue Always
Amiable, Though It Be Shown Unfortunate; And Vice Detestable, Though It
Be Shown Triumphant.
"If, Then, The Encouragement Of Virtue And Discouragement Of Vice Be The
Proper Ends Of Poetry In tragedy, Pity And Terrour, Though Good Means,
Are Not The Only. For All The Passions, In their Turns, Are To Be Set
In A Ferment: As Joy, Anger, Love, Fear, Are To Be Used as The Poet'S
Commonplaces; And A General Concernment For The Principal Actors Is To Be
Raised, By Making them Appear Such In their Characters, Their Words, And
Actions, As Will Interest The Audience In their Fortunes.
"And If, After All, In a Larger Sense, Pity Comprehends This Concernment
For The Good, And Terrour Includes Detestation For The Bad, Then Let Us
Consider Whether The English Have Not Answered this End Of Tragedy As
Well As The Ancients, Or Perhaps Better.
"And Here Mr. Rymer'S Objections Against These Plays Are To Be
Impartially Weighed, That We May See Whether They Are Of Weight Enough To
Turn The Balance Against Our Countrymen.
"'Tis Evident Those Plays, Which He Arraigns, Have Moved both Those
Passions In a High Degree Upon The Stage.
"To Give The Glory Of This Away From The Poet, And To Place It Upon The
Actors, Seems Unjust.
"One Reason Is, Because Whatever Actors They Have Found, The Event Has
Been The Same; That Is, The Same Passions Have Been Always Moved:
Which Shows, That There Is Something of Force And Merit In the Plays
Themselves, Conducing to The Design Of Raising these Two Passions: And
Suppose Them Ever To Have Been Excellently Acted, Yet Action Only Adds
Grace, Vigour, And More Life, Upon The Stage; But Cannot Give It Wholly
Where It Is Not First. But, Secondly, I Dare Appeal To Those Who Have
Never Seen Them Acted, If They Have Not Found These Two Passions Moved
Within Them: And If The General Voice Will Carry It, Mr. Rymer'S
Prejudice Will Take Off His Single Testimony.
"This, Being matter Of Fact, Is Reasonably To Be Established by This
Appeal; As, If One Man Says It Is Night, When The Rest Of The World
Conclude It To Be Day, There Needs No Farther Argument Against Him, That
It Is So.
"If He Urge, That The General Taste Is Depraved, His Arguments To Prove
This Can, At Best, But Evince That Our Poets Took Not The Best Way To
Raise Those Passions; But Experience Proves Against Him, That Those
Means, Which They Have Used, Have Been Successful, And Have Produced
Them.
"And One Reason Of That Success Is, In my Opinion, This: That Shakespeare
And Fletcher Have Written To The Genius Of The Age And Nation In which
They Lived; For Though Nature, As He Objects, Is The Same In all Places,
And Reason Too The Same; Yet The Climate, The Age, The Disposition Of The
People, To Whom A Poet Writes, May Be So Different, That What Pleased the
Greeks Would Not Satisfy An English Audience.
"And If They Proceeded upon A Foundation Of Truer Reason To Please The
Athenians, Than Shakespeare And Fletcher To Please The English, It Only
Shows That The Athenians Were A More Judicious People; But The Poet'S
Business Is Certainly To Please The Audience.
"Whether Our English Audience Have Been Pleased, Hitherto, With Acorns,
As He Calls It, Or With Bread, Is The Next Question; That Is, Whether The
Means Which Shakespeare And Fletcher Have Used, In their Plays, To Raise
Those Passions Before Named, Be Better Applied to The Ends By The Greek
Poets Than By Them. And, Perhaps, We Shall Not Grant Him This Wholly: Let
It Be Granted, That A Writer Is Not To Run Down With The Stream, Or To
Please The People By Their Usual Methods, But Rather To Reform Their
Judgments, It Still Remains To Prove That Our Theatre Needs This Total
Reformation.
"The Faults, Which He Has Found In their Designs, Are Rather Wittily
Aggravated in many Places Than Reasonably Urged; And As Much May Be
Returned on The Greeks, By One Who Were As Witty As Himself.
"They Destroy Not, If They Are Granted, The Foundation Of The Fabrick:
Only Take Away From The Beauty Of The Symmetry: For Example, The Faults
In The Character Of The King, In king and No King, Are Not, As He Makes
Them, Such As Render Him Detestable, But Only Imperfections Which
Accompany Human Nature, And Are, For The Most Part, Excused by The
Violence Of His Love; So That They Destroy Not Our Pity Or Concernment
For Him: This Answer May Be Applied to Most Of His Objections Of That
Kind.
"And Rollo Committing many Murders, When He Is Answerable But For One,
Is Too Severely Arraigned by Him; For, It Adds To Our Horrour And
Detestation Of The Criminal; And Poetick Justice Is Not Neglected
Neither; For We Stab Him In our Minds For Every Offence Which He Commits;
And The Point, Which The Poet Is To Gain On The Audience, Is Not So Much
In The Death Of An Offender As The Raising an Horrour Of His Crimes.
"That The Criminal Should Neither Be Wholly Guilty, Nor Wholly Innocent,
But So Participating of Both As To Move Both Pity And Terrour, Is
Certainly A Good Rule, But Not Perpetually To Be Observed; For That Were
To Make All Tragedies Too Much Alike; Which Objection He Foresaw, But Has
Not Fully Answered.
"To Conclude, Therefore; If The Plays Of The Ancients Are More Correctly
Plotted, Ours Are More Beautifully Written. And, If We Can Raise Passions
As High On Worse Foundations, It Shows Our Genius In tragedy Is Greater;
For In all Other Parts Of It The English Have Manifestly Excelled them."
The Original Of The Following letter Is Preserved in the Library At
Lambeth, And Was Kindly Imparted to The Publick By The Reverend Dr. Vyse.
Copy Of An Original Letter From John Dryden, Esq. To
His Sons In italy, From A Ms. In the Lambeth Library,
Marked n Deg.. 933, P. 56.
(_Superscribed_)
"All' Illustrissimo Sig'Re
Carlo Dryden, Camariere
D'Honore A S.S.
"In Roma.
"Franca Per Mantoua.
"Dear Sons,
"Sept. The 3D, Our Style.
"Being now At Sir William Bowyer'S In the Country, I
Cannot Write At Large, Because I Find Myself Somewhat Indisposed
With A Cold, And Am Thick Of Hearing, Rather Worse
Than I Was In town. I Am Glad To Find, By Your Letter Of
July 26Th, Your Style, That You Are Both In health; But
Wonder You Should Think Me So Negligent As To Forget To
Give You An Account Of The Ship In which Your Parcel Is To
Come. I Have Written To You Two Or Three Letters Concerning
It, Which I Have Sent By Safe Hands, As I Told You, And
Doubt Not But You Have Them Before This Can Arrive To You.
Being out Of Town, I Have Forgotten The Ship'S Name, Which
Your Mother Will Inquire, And Put It Into Her Letter, Which
Is Joined with Mine. But The Master'S Name I Remember:
He Is Called mr. Ralph Thorp; The Ship Is Bound To Leghorn,
Consigned to Mr. Peter And Mr. Thomas Ball, Merchants.
I Am Of Your Opinion, That By Tonson'S Means
Almost All Our Letters Have Miscarried for This Last Year.
But, However, He Has Missed of His Design In the Dedication,
Though He Had Prepared the Book For It; For In every
Figure Of Aeneas He Has Caused him To Be Drawn Like King
William, With A Hooked nose. After My Return To Town,
I Intend To Alter A Play Of Sir Robert Howard'S, Written
Long Since, And Lately Put By Him Into My Hands; 'Tis Called
The Conquest Of China By The Tartars. It Will Cost Me
Six Weeks' Study, With The Probable Benefit Of A Hundred
Pounds. In the Mean Time, I Am Writing a Song For St.
Cecilia'S Feast, Who, You Know, Is The Patroness Of Musick.
This Is Troublesome, And No Way Beneficial; But I Could
Not Deny The Stewards Of The Feast, Who Came In a Body To
Me To Desire That Kindness, One Of Them Being mr. Bridgman,
Whose Parents Are Your Mother'S Friends. I Hope To
Send You Thirty Guineas Between Michaelmas And Christmas,
Of Which I Will Give You An Account When I Come To
Town. I Remember The Counsel You Give Me In your Letter;
But Dissembling, Though Lawful In some Cases, Is Not My
Talent; Yet, For Your Sake, I Will Struggle With The Plain
Openness Of My Nature, And Keep In my Just Resentments
Against That Degenerate Order. In the Mean Time I Flatter
Not Myself With Any Manner Of Hopes, But Do My Duty, And
Suffer For God'S Sake; Being assured, Beforehand, Never
To Be Rewarded, Though The Times Should Alter. Towards
The Latter End Of This Month, September, Charles Will Begin
To Recover His Perfect Health, According to His Nativity,
Which, Casting it Myself, I Am Sure Is True, And All Things
Hitherto Have Happened accordingly To The Very Time That
I Predicted them: I Hope, At The Same Time, To Recover
More Health, According to My Age. Remember Me To Poor
Harry, Whose Prayers I Earnestly Desire. My Virgil Succeeds
In the World Beyond Its Desert Or My Expectation.
You Know The Profits Might Have Been More; But Neither
My Conscience Nor My Honour Would Suffer Me To Take
Them: But I Never Can Repent Of My Constancy, Since I
Am Thoroughly Persuaded of The Justice Of The Cause For
Which I Suffer. It Has Pleased god To Raise Up Many
Friends To Me Amongst My Enemies, Though They Who
Ought To Have Been My Friends Are Negligent Of Me. I Am
Called to Dinner, And Cannot Go On With This Letter, Which
I Desire You To Excuse; And Am
"Your Most Affectionate Father,
"John Dryden."
[Footnote 92: The Life Of Dryden Is Written With More Than Johnson'S
Usual Copiousness Of Biography, And With Peculiar Vigour And Justness Of
Criticism. "None, Perhaps, Of The Lives Of The Poets," Says The Edinburgh
Review, For October, 1808, "Is Entitled to So High A Rank. No Prejudice
Interfered with His Judgment; He Approved his Politics; He Could Feel No
Envy Of Such Established fame; He Had A Mind Precisely Formed to Relish
The Excellencies Of Dryden--More Vigorous Than Refined; More Reasoning
Than Impassioned." Edinburgh Review, Xxv. P. 117. Many Dates, However,
And Little Facts Have Been Rectified by Mr. Malone, In his Most Minute
Account Of The Life And Writings Of John Dryden; And Sir Walter Scott, In
The Life Prefixed to His Edition Of Dryden'S Works, Has Been Still More
Industrious In the Collection Of Incidents And Contemporary Writings,
That Can Only Interest The Antiquary. Those To Whom Johnson'S Life Seems
Not Sufficiently Ample, We Refer To The Above Works. For An Eulogy
On Dryden'S Powers, As A Satirist, See The Notes On The Pursuits Of
Literature. Ed.]
[Footnote 93: Mr. Malone Has Lately Proved, That There Is No Satisfactory
Evidence For This Date. The Inscription On Dryden'S Monument Says Only
"Natus 1632." See Malone'S Life Of Dryden, Prefixed to His Critical And
Miscellaneous Prose Works, P. 5. Note. C.]
[Footnote 94: Of Cumberland. Ibid. P. 10. C.]
[Footnote 95:
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