A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition), Calvin Cutter [adventure books to read txt] 📗
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333. The CIRCULATORY ORGANS are the Heart, Ar´te-ries, Veins, and Cap´il-la-ries.
334. The HEART is placed obliquely, in the left cavity of the chest, between the right and left lung. Its general form 155 is that of an inverted cone, the base of which is directed upward and backward, toward the right shoulder, while its apex points forward to the left side, about three inches from the sternum to the space between the fifth and sixth ribs. Its under side rests upon the tendinous portion of the diaphragm. The heart is surrounded by a sac, called the per-i-car´di-um, (heart-case.) The interior surface of this membrane secretes a watery fluid, that lubricates the exterior of the heart, and obviates friction between it and the pericardium.
331. what is the ultimate object of the food? 332. Of what is the blood composed? What is said of the distribution of the blood? 333. Name the circulatory organs. 334–351. Give the anatomy of the circulatory organs. 334. Describe the heart.
Fig. 66.
Fig. 67.
Fig. 66. A front view of the heart. 1, The right auricle of the heart. 2, The left auricle. 3, The right ventricle. 4, The left ventricle. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, The vessels[13] through which the blood passes to and from the heart.
Fig. 67. A back view of the heart. 1, The right auricle. 2, The left auricle. 3, The right ventricle. 4, The left ventricle. 5, 6, 7, The vessels that carry the blood to and from the heart. 9, 10, 11, The nutrient vessels of the heart.
With what is it surrounded? What is its use? How much fluid does this membrane contain when healthy?
Observation. In health, there is usually about a tea-spoonful of fluid in the pericardium. When these parts are diseased, it may be thrown out more abundantly, and sometimes 156 amounts to several ounces, producing a disease called dropsy of the heart. But all the unpleasant sensations in the region of the heart are not caused by an increased amount of fluid in the pericardium, as this disease is not of frequent occurrence.
335. The heart is composed of muscular fibres, that traverse it in different directions, some longitudinally, but most of them in a spiral direction. The human heart is a double organ, or it has two sides, called the right and the left. The compartments of the two sides are separated by a muscular sep´tum, or partition. Again, each side of the heart is divided into two parts, called the Au´ri-cle (deaf ear) and the Ven´tri-cle.
Fig. 68
Fig. 68. A section of the heart, showing its cavities and valves. 3, The right auricle. 4, The opening between the right auricle and right ventricle. 5, The right ventricle. 6, The tricuspid valves. 7, The pulmonary artery. 9, The semilunar valves of the pulmonary artery. 10, The septum between the right and left ventricle. 12, The left auricle. 13, The opening between the left auricle and left ventricle. 14, The left ventricle. 15, The mitral valves. 16, The aorta. 17, The semilunar valves of the aorta.
336. The AURICLES differ in muscularity from the ventricles. Their walls are thinner, and of a bluish color. These cavities are a kind of reservoir, designed to contain the blood arriving by the veins.
337. The VENTRICLES not only have their walls thicker than the auricles, but they differ in their internal structure. 157 From the interior of these cavities arise fleshy columns, called co-lum´næ car´ne-æ. The walls of the left ventricle are thicker and stronger than those of the right.
335. Of what is the heart composed? Give its divisions. 336. Describe the auricles. 337. Describe the ventricles.
338. The cavities in the right side of the heart are triangular in shape; those of the left, oval. Each cavity will contain about two ounces of blood. Between the auricle and ventricle in the right side of the heart, there are three folds, or doublings, of thin, triangular membrane, called the tri-cus´pid valves. Between the auricle and ventricle in the left side, there are two valves, called the mi´tral. There are seen passing from the floating edge of these valves to the columnæ carneæ, small white cords, called chor´dæ ten´di-næ, which prevent the floating edge of the valve from being carried into the auricle.
339. The right ventricle of the heart gives rise to the Pul´mo-na-ry artery; the left ventricle, to a large artery called the A-ort´a. At the commencement of each of these arteries there are three folds of membrane, and from their shape, they are called sem-i-lu´nar valves.
340. The heart is supplied with arteries and veins, which ramify between its muscular fibres, through which its nutrient blood passes. It has, likewise, a few lymphatics, and many small nervous filaments from the sympathetic system of nerves. This organ, in its natural state, exhibits but slight indications of sensibility, and although nearly destitute of the sensation of touch, it is yet, however, instantly affected by every painful bodily excitement, or strong mental emotions.
Observation. To obtain a clear idea of the heart and its valves, it is recommended to examine this part of an ox or 158 calf. In order that each ventricle be opened without mutilating the fleshy columns, tendinous cords, and valves, cut on each side of the septum parallel to it. This may be easily found between the ventricles, as they differ in thickness.
338. How do the cavities in the heart differ? What is found between the auricle and ventricle in the right side of the heart? How many valves in the left side, and their names? Where are the tendinous cords, and what is their use? 339. What vessels proceed from the ventricles? What is said of their valves? 340. With what is the heart supplied? What is said of its sensibility? How can an idea of the structure of the heart be obtained?
341. The ARTERIES are the cylindrical tubes that convey the blood from the heart to every part of the system. They are dense in structure, and preserve, for the most part, the cylindrical form, when emptied of their blood, which is their condition after death.
342. The arteries are composed of three coats. The external, or cellular coat, is firm and strong; the middle, or fibrous coat, is composed of yellowish fibres. This coat is elastic, fragile, and thicker than the external coat. Its elasticity enables the vessel to accommodate itself to the quantity of blood it may contain. The internal coat is a thin, serous membrane, which lines the interior of the artery, and gives it the smooth polish which that surface presents. It is continuous with the lining membrane of the heart.
343. Communications between arteries are free and numerous. They increase in frequency with diminution in the size of the branches, so that through the medium of the minute ramifications, the entire body may be considered as one circle of inosculation. The arteries, in their distribution through the body, are enclosed in a loose, cellular investment, called a sheath, which separates them from the surrounding tissues.
344. The PULMONARY ARTERY commences in front of the origin of the aorta. It ascends obliquely to the under surface of the arch of the aorta, where it divides into two branches, one of which passes to the right, the other to the left lung. These divide and subdivide in the structure of the lungs, and terminate in the capillary vessels, which form a net-work 159 around the air-cells, and become continuous with the minute branches of the pulmonary veins. This artery conveys the impure blood to the lungs, and, with its corresponding veins, establishes the lesser, or pulmonic circulation.
341. What are arteries? 342. Give their structure. 343. What is said of the communications between the arteries? In their distribution, how are they separated from the surrounding tissues? 344. Describe the pulmonary artery.
Fig. 69.
Fig. 69. t, The trachea. h, The heart. a, The aorta. p, The pulmonary artery 1, The branch of the pulmonary artery that divides in the left lung. 2, The branch that divides in the right lung.
The divisions of this artery continue to divide and subdivide, until they become no larger than hairs in size. These minute vessels pass over the air-cells, represented by small dark points around the margin of the lungs.
345. The AORTA proceeds from the left ventricle of the heart, and contains the pure, or nutrient blood. This trunk gives off branches, which divide and subdivide to their ultimate ramifications, constituting the great arterial tree which pervades, by its minute subdivisions, every part of the animal frame. This great artery and its divisions, with their returning veins, constitute the greater, or systemic circulation.
What does this artery and its corresponding veins establish? Explain fig. 69. 345. Describe the aorta. What do this artery and its corresponding veins constitute?
Fig. 70.
Fig. 70. The aorta and its branches. 1, The commencement of the aorta. 2, The arch of the aorta. 3, The carotid artery. 4, The temporal artery. 5, The subclavian artery. 6, The axillary artery. 7, The brachial artery. 8, The radial artery. 9, The ulnar artery. 10, The iliac artery. 11, The femoral artery. 12, The tibial artery, 13. The peroneal artery.
346. The VEINS are the vessels which return the blood to the auricles of the heart, after it has been circulated by the 161 arteries through the various tissues of the body. They are thinner and more delicate in structure than the arteries, so that when emptied of their blood, they become flattened and collapsed. The veins commence by minute radicles in the capillaries, which are every where distributed through the textures of the body, and coalesce to constitute larger and larger branches, till they terminate in the large trunks which convey the dark-colored blood directly to the heart. In diameter they are much larger than the arteries, and, like those vessels, their combined area would constitute an imaginary cone, the apex of which is placed at the heart, and the base at the surface of the body.
What does fig. 70 represent? 346. What are the veins?
347. The communications between the veins are more frequent than between the arteries, and take place between the larger as well as among the smaller vessels. The office of these inosculations is very apparent, as tending to obviate the obstructions to which the veins are peculiarly liable, from the thinness of their coats, and from inability to overcome great impediments by the force of their current. These tubes, as well as the arteries, are supplied with nutrient vessels, and it is to be presumed that nervous filaments from the sympathetic nerves are distributed to their coats.
348. The external, or cellular coat of the veins, is dense and firm, resembling the cellular tunic of the arteries. The middle coat is fibrous, like that of the arteries, but extremely thin. The internal coat is serous, and also similar to that of the arteries. It is continuous with the lining membrane of the heart at one extremity, and with the lining membrane of the capillaries at the other.
349. At certain intervals, the internal coat forms folds, or 162 duplicatures, which constitute valves. They are generally composed of two semilunar folds, one on each side of the vessel. The free extremity of the valvular folds is concave, and directed forward, so that while the current of blood sets toward the heart, they present no impediment to its free passage; but let the current become retrograde, and it is impeded by their distention. The valves are most numerous in the veins of the extremities, particularly the deeper veins
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