The History of England, from the Accession of James the Second - Volume 1, Thomas Babington Macaulay [ebook pc reader txt] 📗

have been very great. From

Abingdon to Gloucester, for example, a distance of forty or fifty

miles, there was not a single enclosure, and scarcely one

enclosure between Biggleswade and Lincoln.


64 Large copies of these highly interesting drawings are in the

noble collection bequeathed by Mr. Grenville to the British

Museum. See particularly the drawings of Exeter and Northampton.


65 Evelyn's Diary, June 2, 1675.


66 See White's Selborne; Bell's History of British Quadrupeds,

Gentleman's Recreation, 1686; Aubrey's Natural History of

Wiltshire, 1685; Morton's History of Northamptonshire, 1712;

Willoughby's Ornithology, by Ray, 1678; Latham's General Synopsis

of Birds; and Sir Thomas Browne's Account of Birds found in

Norfolk.


67 King's Natural and Political Conclusions. Davenant on the

Balance of Trade.


68 See the Almanacks of 1684 and 1685.


69 See Mr. M'Culloch's Statistical Account of the British

Empire, Part III. chap. i. sec. 6.


70 King and Davenant as before The Duke of Newcastle on

Horsemanship; Gentleman's Recreation, 1686. The "dappled Flanders

mares" were marks of greatness in the time of Pope, and even

later.


The vulgar proverb, that the grey mare is the better horse,

originated, I suspect, in the preference generally given to the

grey mares of Flanders over the finest coach horses of England.


71 See a curious note by Tonkin, in Lord De Dunstanville's

edition of Carew's Survey of Cornwall.


72 Borlase's Natural History of Cornwall, 1758. The quantity of

copper now produced, I have taken from parliamentary returns.

Davenant, in 1700, estimated the annual produce of all the mines

of England at between seven and eight hundred thousand pounds


73 Philosophical Transactions, No. 53. Nov. 1669, No. 66. Dec.

1670, No. 103. May 1674, No 156. Feb. 1683-4


74 Yarranton, England's Improvement by Sea and Land, 1677;

Porter's Progress of the Nation. See also a remarkably

perspicnous history, in small compass of the English iron works,

in Mr. M'Culloch's Statistical Account of the British Empire.


75 See Chamberlayne's State of England, 1684, 1687, Angliae,

Metropolis, 1691; M'Culloch's Statistical Account of the British

Empire Part III. chap. ii. (edition of 1847). In 1845 the

quantity of coal brought into London appeared, by the

Parliamentary returns, to be 3,460,000 tons. (1848.) In 1854 the

quantity of coal brought into London amounted to 4,378,000 tons.

(1857.)


76 My notion of the country gentleman of the seventeenth

century has been derived from sources too numerous to be

recapitulated. I must leave my description to the judgment of

those who have studied the history and the lighter literature of

that age.


77 In the eighteenth century the great increase in the value of

benefices produced a change. The younger sons of the nobility

were allured back to the clerical profession. Warburton in a

letter to Hurd, dated the 6th of July, 1762, mentions this

change. which was then recent. "Our grandees have at last found

their way back into the Church. I only wonder they have been so

long about it. But be assured that nothing but a new religious

revolution, to sweep away the fragments that Henry the Eighth

left after banqueting his courtiers, will drive them out again."


78 See Heylin's Cyprianus Anglicus.


79 Eachard, Causes of the Contempt of the Clergy; Oldham,

Satire addressed to a Friend about to leave the University;

Tatler, 255, 258. That the English clergy were a lowborn class,

is remarked in the Travels of the Grand Duke Cosmo, Appendix A.


80 "A causidico, medicastro, ipsaque artificum farragine,

ecclesiae rector aut vicarius contemnitur et fit ludibrio.

Gentis et familiae nitor sacris ordinibus pollutus censetur:

foeminisque natalitio insignibus unicum inculcatur saepius

praeceptum, ne modestiae naufragium faciant, aut, (quod idem

auribus tam delicatulis sonat,) ne clerico se nuptas dari

patiantur."-Angliae Notitia, by T. Wood, of New College Oxford

1686.


81 Clarendon's Life, ii. 21.


82 See the injunctions of 1559, In Bishop Sparrow's Collection.

Jeremy Collier, in his Essay on Pride, speaks of this injunction

with a bitterness which proves that his own pride had not been

effectually tamed.


83 Roger and Abigail in Fletcher's Scornful Lady, Bull and the

Nurse in Vanbrugh's Relapse, Smirk and Susan in Shadwell's

Lancashire Witches, are instances.


84 Swift's Directions to Servants. In Swift's Remarks on the

Clerical Residence Bill, he describes the family of an English

vicar thus: "His wife is little better than a Goody, in her

birth, education, or dress. . . . . His daughters shall go to

service, or be sent apprentice to the sempstress of the next

town."


85 Even in Tom Jones, published two generations later. Mrs.

Seagrim, the wife of a gamekeeper, and Mrs. Honour, a

waitingwoman, boast of their descent from clergymen, "It is to be

hoped," says Fielding, "such instances will in future ages, when

some provision is made for the families of the inferior clergy,

appear stranger than they can be thought at present.


86 This distinction between country clergy and town clergy is

strongly marked by Eachard, and cannot but be observed by every

person who has studied the ecclesiastical history of that age.


87 Nelson's Life of Bull. As to the extreme difficulty which

the country clergy found in procuring books, see the Life of

Thomas Bray, the founder of the Society for the Propagation of

the Gospel.


88 "I have frequently heard him (Dryden) own with pleasure,

that if he had any talent for English prose it was owing to his

having often read the writings of the great Archbishop

Tillotson."-Congreve's Dedication of Dryden's Plays.


89 I have taken Davenant's estimate, which is a little lower

than King's.


90 Evelvn's Diary, June 27. 1654; Pepys's Diary, June 13. 1668;

Roger North's Lives of Lord Keeper Guildford, and of Sir Dudley

North; Petty's Political Arithmetic. I have taken Petty's facts,

but, in drawing inferences from them, I have been guided by King

and Davenant, who, though not abler men than he, had the

advantage of coming after him. As to the kidnapping for which

Bristol was infamous, see North's Life of Guildford, 121, 216,

and the harangue of Jeffreys on the subject, in the Impartial

History of his Life and Death, printed with the Bloody Assizes.

His style was, as usual, coarse, but I cannot reckon the

reprimand which he gave to the magistrates of Bristol among his

crimes.


91 Fuller's Worthies; Evelyn's Diary, Oct. 17,1671; Journal of

T. Browne, son of Sir Thomas Browne, Jan. 1663-4; Blomefield's

History of Norfolk; History of the City and County of Norwich, 2

vols. 1768.


92 The population of York appears, from the return of baptisms

and burials in Drake's History, to have been about 13,000 in

1730. Exeter had only 17,000 inhabitants in 1801. The population

of Worcester was numbered just before the siege in 1646. See

Nash's History of Worcestershire. I have made allowance for the

increase which must be supposed to have taken place in forty

years. In 1740, the population of Nottingham was found, by

enumeration, to be just 10,000. See Dering's History. The

population of Gloucester may readily be inferred from the number

of houses which King found in the returns of hearth money, and

from the number of births and burials which is given in Atkyns's

History. The population of Derby was 4,000 in 1712. See Wolley's

MS. History, quoted in Lyson's Magna Britannia. The population of

Shrewsbury was ascertained, in 1695, by actual enumeration. As to

the gaieties of Shrewsbury, see Farquhar's Recruiting Officer.

Farquhar's description is borne out by a ballad in the Pepysian

Library, of which the burden is "Shrewsbury for me."


93 Blome's Britannia, 1673; Aikin's Country round Manchester;

Manchester Directory, 1845: Baines, History of the Cotton

Manufacture. The best information which I have been able to find,

touching the population of Manchester in the seventeenth century

is contained in a paper drawn up by the Reverend R. Parkinson,

and published in the Journal of the Statistical Society for

October 1842.


94 Thoresby's Ducatus Leodensis; Whitaker's Loidis and Elmete;

Wardell's Municipal History of the Borough of Leeds. (1848.) In

1851 Leeds had 172,000 Inhabitants. (1857.)


95 Hunter's History of Hallamshire. (1848.) In 1851 the

population of Sheffield had increased to 135,000. (1857.)


96 Blome's Britannia, 1673; Dugdale's Warwickshire, North's

Examen, 321; Preface to Absalom and Achitophel; Hutton's History

of Birmingham; Boswell's Life of Johnson. In 1690 the burials at

Birmingham were 150, the baptisms 125. I think it probable that

the annual mortality was little less than one in twenty-five. In

London it was considerably greater. A historian of Nottingham,

half a century later, boasted of the extraordinary salubrity of

his town, where the annual mortality was one in thirty. See

Doring's History of Nottingham. (1848.) In 1851 the population of

Birmingham had increased to 222,000. (1857.)


97 Blome's Britannia; Gregson's Antiquities of the County

Palatine and Duchy of Lancaster, Part II.; Petition from

Liverpool in the Privy Council Book, May 10, 1686. In 1690 the

burials at Liverpool were 151, the baptisms 120. In 1844 the net

receipt of the customs at Liverpool was 4,366,526£. 1s. 8d.

(1848.) In 1851 Liverpool contained 375,000 inhabitants, (1857.)


98 Atkyne's Gloucestershire.


99 Magna Britannia; Grose's Antiquities; New Brighthelmstone

Directory.


100 Tour in Derbyshire, by Thomas Browne, son of Sir Thomas.


101 Memoires de Grammont; Hasted's History of Kent; Tunbridge

Wells, a Comedy, 1678; Causton's Tunbridgialia, 1688; Metellus, a

poem on Tunbridge Wells, 1693.


102 See Wood's History of Bath, 1719; Evelyn's Diary, June

27,1654; Pepys's Diary, June 12, 1668; Stukeley's Itinerarium

Curiosum; Collinson's Somersetshire; Dr. Peirce's History and

Memoirs of the Bath, 1713, Book I. chap. viii. obs. 2, 1684. I

have consulted several old maps and pictures of Bath,

particularly one curious map which is surrounded by views of the

principal buildings. It Dears the date of 1717.


103 According to King 530,000. (1848.) In 1851 the population of

London exceeded, 2,300,000. (1857.)


104 Macpherson's History of Commerce; Chalmers's Estimate;

Chamberlayne's State of England, 1684. The tonnage of the

steamers belonging to the port of London was, at the end of 1847,

about 60,000 tons. The customs of the port, from 1842 to 1845,

very nearly averaged 11,000,000£. (1848.) In 1854 the tonnage of

the steamers of the port of London