Criminal Psychology, Hans Gross [motivational books for students .txt] 📗

present version of Gross’s Kriminal Psychologie differs from the original in the fact that many references not of general psychological or criminological interest or not readily accessible to English readers have been eliminated, and in some instances more accessible ones have been inserted. Prof. Gross’s erudition is so stupendous that it reaches far out into texts where no ordinary reader would be able or willing to follow him, and the book suffers no loss from the excision. In other places it was necessary to omit or to condense passages. Wherever this is done attention is called to it in the notes. The chief omission is a portion of the section on dialects. Otherwise the translation is practically literal. Additional bibliography of psychological and criminological works likely to be generally helpful has been appended.

CONTENTS.   PAGE General Introduction to the Modern Criminal Science Series v Introduction to the English Version ix Author’s Preface to the American Edition xiii Translator’s Note xiv Introduction 1 PART I. THE SUBJECTIVE CONDITIONS OF EVIDENCE (THE MENTAL ACTIVITIES OF THE JUDGE) 7 Title A. Conditions of Taking Evidence 7 Topic 1. METHOD 7 § 1 (a) General Considerations 7 § 2 (b) The Method of Natural Science 9 Topic 2. PSYCHOLOGIC LESSONS 14 § 3 (a) General Considerations 14 § 4 (b) Integrity of Witnesses 16 § 5 (c) Correctness of Testimony 18 § 6 (d) Presuppositions of Evidence-Taking 20 § 7 (e) Egoism 25 § 8 (f) Secrets 28 § 9 (g) Interest 37 Topic 3. PHENOMENOLOGY: The Outward Expression of Mental States 41 § 10 41 § 11 (a) General External Conditions 42 § 12 (b) General Signs of Character 53 § 13 (c) Particular Character-signs 61 (d) Somatic Character-Units 69 § 14 (1) General Considerations 69 § 15 (2) Causes of Irritation 71 § 16 (3) Cruelty 76 § 17 (4) Nostalgia 77 § 18 (5) Reflex Movements 78 § 19 (6) Dress 82 § 20 (7) Physiognomy and Related Subjects 83 § 21 (8) The Hand 100 Title B. The Conditions for Defining Theories 105 Topic 1. THE MAKING OF INFERENCES 105 § 22 105 § 23 (a) Proof 106 § 24 (b) Causation 117 § 25 (c) Scepticism 129 § 26 (d) The Empirical Method in the Study of Cases 136 § 27 (e) Analogy 144 § 28 (f) Probability 147 § 29 (g) Chance 159 § 30 (h) Persuasion and Explanation 161 § 31 (i) Inference and Judgment 165 § 32 (j) Mistaken Inferences 176 § 33 (k) Statistics of the Moral Situation 179 Topic 2. KNOWLEDGE 183 § 34 183 PART II. OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION (THE MENTAL ACTIVITY OF THE EXAMINEE) 187 Title A. General Conditions 187 Topic 1. OF SENSE PERCEPTION 187 § 35 187 § 36 (a) General Considerations 187 (b) The Sense of Sight 196 § 37 (1) General Considerations 196 § 38 (2) Color-vision 204 § 39 (3) The Blind Spot 207 § 40 (c) The Sense of Hearing 208 § 41 (d) The Sense of Taste 212 § 42 (e) The Sense of Smell 213 § 43 (f) The Sense of Touch 215 Topic 2. PERCEPTION AND CONCEPTION 221 § 44 221 Topic 3. IMAGINATION 232 § 45 232 Topic 4. INTELLECTUAL PROCESSES 238 § 46 (a) General Considerations 238 § 47 (b) The Mechanism of Thinking 243 § 48 (c) The Subconscious 245 § 49 (d) Subjective Conditions 248 Topic 5. THE ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS 254 § 50 254 Topic 6. RECOLLECTION AND MEMORY 258 § 51 258 § 52 (a) The Essence of Memory 259 § 53 (b) The Forms of Reproduction 263 § 54 (c) The Peculiarities of Reproduction 268 § 55 (d) Illusions of Memory 275 § 56 (e) Mnemotechnique 279 Topic 7. THE WILL 281 § 57 281 Topic 8. EMOTION 283 § 58 283 Topic 9. THE FORMS OF GIVING TESTIMONY 287 § 59 287 § 60 (a) General Study of Variety in Forms of Expression 288 § 61 (b) Dialect Forms 293 § 62 (c) Incorrect Forms 296 Title B. Differentiating Conditions of Giving Testimony 300 Topic 1. GENERAL DIFFERENCES 300 (a) Woman 300 § 63 1. General Considerations 300 § 64 2. Difference between Man and Women 307 3. Sexual Peculiarities 311 § 65 (a) General 311 § 66 (b) Menstruation 311 § 67 (c) Pregnancy 317 § 68 (d) Erotic 319 § 69 (e) Submerged Sexual Factors 322 4. Particular Feminine Qualities 332 § 70 (a) Intelligence 332 § 71 1. Conception 333 § 72 2. Judgment 335 § 73 3. Quarrels with Women 337 § 74 (b) Honesty 340 § 75 (c) Love, Hate and Friendship 350 § 76 (d) Emotional Disposition and Related Subjects 359 § 77 (e) Weakness 361 § 78 (b) Children 364 § 79 1. General Considerations 364 § 80 2. Children as Witnesses 365 § 81 3. Juvenile Delinquency 369 § 82 (c) Senility 372 § 83 (d) Differences in Conception 375 § 84 (e) Nature and Nurture 384 § 85 1. The Influence of Nurture 385 § 86 2. The Views of the Uneducated 388 § 87 3. Onesided Education 391 § 88 4. Inclination 393 § 89 5. Other Differences 395 § 90 6. Intelligence and Stupidity 398 Topic 2. ISOLATED INFLUENCES 406 § 91 (a) Habit 406 § 92 (b) Heredity 410 § 93 (c) Prepossession 412 § 94 (d) Imitation and the Crowd 415 § 95 (e) Passion and Emotion 416 § 96 (f) Honor 421 § 97 (g) Superstition 422 Topic 3. MISTAKES 422 (a) Mistakes of the Senses 422 § 98 (1) General Considerations 422 § 99 (2) Optical Illusions 427 § 100 (3) Auditory Illusions 443 § 101 (4) Illusions of Touch 449 § 102 (5) Illusions of the Sense of Taste 452 § 103 (6) The Illusions of the Olfactory Sense 453 § 104 (b) Hallucinations and Illusions 454 § 105 (c) Imaginative Ideas 459 (d) Misunderstandings 467 § 106 1. Verbal Misunderstandings 467 § 107 2. Other Misunderstandings 470 (e) The Lie 474 § 108 1. General Considerations 474 § 109 2. The Pathoformic Lie 479 Topic 4. ISOLATED SPECIAL CONDITIONS 480 § 110 (a) Sleep and Dream 480 § 111 (b) Intoxication 484 § 112 (c) Suggestion 491 Appendix A. Bibliography, including texts more easily within reach of English readers 493 Appendix B. Works on Psychology of General Interest 500 Index: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, Z 503

CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY. INTRODUCTION.

OF all disciplines necessary to the criminal justice in addition to the knowledge of law, the most important are those derived from psychology. For such sciences teach him to know the type of man it is his business to deal with. Now psychological sciences appear in various forms. There is a native psychology, a keenness of vision given in the march of experience, to a few fortunate persons, who see rightly without having learned the laws which determine the course of events, or without being even conscious of them. Of this native psychological power many men show traces, but very few indeed are possessed of as much as criminalists intrinsically require.

In the colleges and pre-professional schools we jurists may acquire a little scientific psychology as a “philosophical propaedeutic,” but we all know how insufficient it is and how little of it endures in the business of life. And we had rather not reckon up the number of criminalists who, seeing this insufficiency, pursue serious psychological investigations.

One especial psychological discipline which was apparently created for our sake is the psychology of law, the development of which, in Germany, Volkmar