LOC Workshop on Etexts, Library of Congress [books to read in a lifetime TXT] 📗

gray material. Borders or page-edge effects must be removed for both compactibility and aesthetics. Page skew must be corrected for aesthetic reasons and to enable accurate character recognition if desired. Compound images consisting of both two-toned text and gray-scale illustrations must be processed appropriately to retain the quality of each.

SESSION IV-C

Jean BARONAS

Standards publications being developed by scientists, engineers, and business managers in Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM) standards committees can be applied to electronic image management (EIM) processes including: document (image) transfer, retrieval and evaluation; optical disk and document scanning; and document design and conversion. When combined with EIM system planning and operations, standards can assist in generating image databases that are interchangeable among a variety of systems. The applications of different approaches for image-tagging, indexing, compression, and transfer often cause uncertainty concerning EIM system compatibility, calibration, performance, and upward compatibility, until standard implementation parameters are established. The AIIM standards that are being developed for these applications can be used to decrease the uncertainty, successfully integrate imaging processes, and promote “open systems.” AIIM is an accredited American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards developer with more than twenty committees comprised of 300 volunteers representing users, vendors, and manufacturers. The standards publications that are developed in these committees have national acceptance and provide the basis for international harmonization in the development of new International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards.

This presentation describes the development of AIIM’s EIM standards and a new effort at AIIM, a database on standards projects in a wide framework of imaging industries including capture, recording, processing, duplication, distribution, display, evaluation, and preservation. The AIIM Imagery Database will cover imaging standards being developed by many organizations in many different countries. It will contain standards publications’ dates, origins, related national and international projects, status, key words, and abstracts. The ANSI Image Technology Standards Board requested that such a database be established, as did the ISO/International Electrotechnical Commission Joint Task Force on Imagery. AIIM will take on the leadership role for the database and coordinate its development with several standards developers.

Patricia BATTIN

 

Characteristics of standards for digital imagery:

 

* Nature of digital technology implies continuing volatility.

 

* Precipitous standard-setting not possible and probably not

desirable.

 

* Standards are a complex issue involving the medium, the

hardware, the software, and the technical capacity for

reproductive fidelity and clarity.

 

* The prognosis for reliable archival standards (as defined by

librarians) in the foreseeable future is poor.

 

Significant potential and attractiveness of digital technology as a

preservation medium and access mechanism.

 

Productive use of digital imagery for preservation requires a

reconceptualizing of preservation principles in a volatile,

standardless world.

 

Concept of managing continuing access in the digital environment

rather than focusing on the permanence of the medium and long-term

archival standards developed for the analog world.

 

Transition period: How long and what to do?

 

* Redefine “archival.”

 

* Remove the burden of “archival copy” from paper artifacts.

 

* Use digital technology for storage, develop management

strategies for refreshing medium, hardware and software.

 

* Create acid-free paper copies for transition period backup

until we develop reliable procedures for ensuring continuing

access to digital files.

SESSION IV-D

Stuart WEIBEL The Role of SGML Markup in the CORE Project (6)

The emergence of high-speed telecommunications networks as a basic feature of the scholarly workplace is driving the demand for electronic document delivery. Three distinct categories of electronic publishing/republishing are necessary to support access demands in this emerging environment:

 

1.) Conversion of paper or microfilm archives to electronic format

2.) Conversion of electronic files to formats tailored to

electronic retrieval and display

3.) Primary electronic publishing (materials for which the

electronic version is the primary format)

OCLC has experimental or product development activities in each of these areas. Among the challenges that lie ahead is the integration of these three types of information stores in coherent distributed systems.

The CORE (Chemistry Online Retrieval Experiment) Project is a model for the conversion of large text and graphics collections for which electronic typesetting files are available (category 2). The American Chemical Society has made available computer typography files dating from 1980 for its twenty journals. This collection of some 250 journal-years is being converted to an electronic format that will be accessible through several end-user applications.

The use of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) offers the means to capture the structural richness of the original articles in a way that will support a variety of retrieval, navigation, and display options necessary to navigate effectively in very large text databases.

An SGML document consists of text that is marked up with descriptive tags that specify the function of a given element within the document. As a formal language construct, an SGML document can be parsed against a document-type definition (DTD) that unambiguously defines what elements are allowed and where in the document they can (or must) occur. This formalized map of article structure allows the user interface design to be uncoupled from the underlying database system, an important step toward interoperability. Demonstration of this separability is a part of the CORE project, wherein user interface designs born of very different philosophies will access the same database.

NOTES:

(6) The CORE project is a collaboration among Cornell University’s

Mann Library, Bell Communications Research (Bellcore), the American

Chemical Society (ACS), the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), and

OCLC.

Michael LESK The CORE Electronic Chemistry Library

A major on-line file of chemical journal literature complete with graphics is being developed to test the usability of fully electronic access to documents, as a joint project of Cornell University, the American Chemical Society, the Chemical Abstracts Service, OCLC, and Bellcore (with additional support from Sun Microsystems, Springer-Verlag, DigitaI Equipment Corporation, Sony Corporation of America, and Apple Computers). Our file contains the American Chemical Society’s on-line journals, supplemented with the graphics from the paper publication. The indexing of the articles from Chemical Abstracts Documents is available in both image and text format, and several different interfaces can be used. Our goals are (1) to assess the effectiveness and acceptability of electronic access to primary journals as compared with paper, and (2) to identify the most desirable functions of the user interface to an electronic system of journals, including in particular a comparison of page-image display with ASCII display interfaces. Early experiments with chemistry students on a variety of tasks suggest that searching tasks are completed much faster with any electronic system than with paper, but that for reading all versions of the articles are roughly equivalent.

Pamela ANDRE and Judith ZIDAR

Text conversion is far more expensive and time-consuming than image capture alone. NAL’s experience with optical character recognition (OCR) will be related and compared with the experience of having text rekeyed. What factors affect OCR accuracy? How accurate does full text have to be in order to be useful? How do different users react to imperfect text? These are questions that will be explored. For many, a service bureau may be a better solution than performing the work inhouse; this will also be discussed.

SESSION VI

Marybeth PETERS

Copyright law protects creative works. Protection granted by the law to authors and disseminators of works includes the right to do or authorize the following: reproduce the work, prepare derivative works, distribute the work to the public, and publicly perform or display the work. In addition, copyright owners of sound recordings and computer programs have the right to control rental of their works. These rights are not unlimited; there are a number of exceptions and limitations.

An electronic environment places strains on the copyright system. Copyright owners want to control uses of their work and be paid for any use; the public wants quick and easy access at little or no cost. The marketplace is working in this area. Contracts, guidelines on electronic use, and collective licensing are in use and being refined.

Issues concerning the ability to change works without detection are more difficult to deal with. Questions concerning the integrity of the work and the status of the changed version under the copyright law are to be addressed. These are public policy issues which require informed dialogue.

*** *** *** ****** *** *** ***

Appendix III: DIRECTORY OF PARTICIPANTS

 

PRESENTERS:

 

Pamela Q.J. Andre

Associate Director, Automation

National Agricultural Library

10301 Baltimore Boulevard

Beltsville, MD 20705-2351

Phone: (301) 504-6813

Fax: (301) 504-7473

E-mail: INTERNET: PANDRE@ASRR.ARSUSDA.GOV

 

Jean Baronas, Senior Manager

Department of Standards and Technology

Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM)

1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100

Silver Spring, MD 20910

Phone: (301) 587-8202

Fax: (301) 587-2711

 

Patricia Battin, President

The Commission on Preservation and Access

1400 16th Street, N.W.

Suite 740

Washington, DC 20036-2217

Phone: (202) 939-3400

Fax: (202) 939-3407

E-mail: CPA@GWUVM.BITNET

 

Howard Besser

Centre Canadien d’Architecture

(Canadian Center for Architecture)

1920, rue Baile

Montreal, Quebec H3H 2S6

CANADA

Phone: (514) 939-7001

Fax: (514) 939-7020

E-mail: howard@lis.pitt.edu

 

Edwin B. Brownrigg, Executive Director

Memex Research Institute

422 Bonita Avenue

Roseville, CA 95678

Phone: (916) 784-2298

Fax: (916) 786-7559

E-mail: BITNET: MEMEX@CALSTATE.2

 

Eric M. Calaluca, Vice President

Chadwyck-Healey, Inc.

1101 King Street

Alexandria, VA 223l4

Phone: (800) 752-05l5

Fax: (703) 683-7589

 

James Daly

4015 Deepwood Road

Baltimore, MD 21218-1404

Phone: (410) 235-0763

 

Ricky Erway, Associate Coordinator

American Memory

Library of Congress

Phone: (202) 707-6233

Fax: (202) 707-3764

 

Carl Fleischhauer, Coordinator

American Memory

Library of Congress

Phone: (202) 707-6233

Fax: (202) 707-3764

 

Joanne Freeman

2000 Jefferson Park Avenue, No. 7

Charlottesville, VA 22903

 

Prosser Gifford

Director for Scholarly Programs

Library of Congress

Phone: (202) 707-1517

Fax: (202) 707-9898

E-mail: pgif@seq1.loc.gov

 

Jacqueline Hess, Director

National Demonstration Laboratory

for Interactive Information Technologies

Library of Congress

Phone: (202) 707-4157

Fax: (202) 707-2829

 

Susan Hockey, Director

Center for Electronic Texts in the Humanities (CETH)

Alexander Library

Rutgers University

169 College Avenue

New Brunswick, NJ 08903

Phone: (908) 932-1384

Fax: (908) 932-1386

E-mail: hockey@zodiac.rutgers.edu

 

William L. Hooton, Vice President

Business & Technical Development

Imaging & Information Systems Group

I-NET

6430 Rockledge Drive, Suite 400

Bethesda, MD 208l7

Phone: (301) 564-6750

Fax: (513) 564-6867

 

Anne R. Kenney, Associate Director

Department of Preservation and Conservation

701 Olin Library

Cornell University

Ithaca, NY 14853

Phone: (607) 255-6875

Fax: (607) 255-9346

E-mail: LYDY@CORNELLA.BITNET

 

Ronald L. Larsen

Associate Director for Information Technology

University of Maryland at College Park

Room B0224, McKeldin Library

College Park, MD 20742-7011

Phone: (301) 405-9194

Fax: (301) 314-9865

E-mail: rlarsen@libr.umd.edu

 

Maria L. Lebron, Managing Editor

The Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials

l333 H Street, N.W.

Washington, DC 20005

Phone: (202) 326-6735

Fax: (202) 842-2868

E-mail: PUBSAAAS@GWUVM.BITNET

 

Michael Lesk, Executive Director

Computer Science Research

Bell Communications Research, Inc.

Rm 2A-385

445 South Street

Morristown, NJ 07960-l9l0

Phone: (201) 829-4070

Fax: (201) 829-5981

E-mail: lesk@bellcore.com (Internet) or bellcore!lesk (uucp)

 

Clifford A. Lynch

Director, Library Automation

University of California,

Office of the President

300 Lakeside Drive, 8th Floor

Oakland, CA 94612-3350

Phone: (510) 987-0522

Fax: (510) 839-3573

E-mail: calur@uccmvsa

 

Avra Michelson

National Archives and Records Administration

NSZ Rm. 14N

7th & Pennsylvania, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20408

Phone: (202) 501-5544

Fax: (202) 501-5533

E-mail: tmi@cu.nih.gov

 

Elli Mylonas, Managing Editor

Perseus Project

Department of the Classics

Harvard University

319 Boylston Hall

Cambridge, MA 02138

Phone: (617) 495-9025, (617) 495-0456 (direct)

Fax: (617) 496-8886

E-mail: Elli@IKAROS.Harvard.EDU or elli@wjh12.harvard.edu

 

David Woodley Packard

Packard Humanities Institute

300 Second Street, Suite 201

Los Altos, CA 94002

Phone: (415) 948-0150 (PHI)

Fax: (415) 948-5793

 

Lynne K. Personius, Assistant Director

Cornell Information Technologies for

Scholarly Information Sources

502 Olin Library

Cornell University

Ithaca, NY 14853

Phone: (607) 255-3393

Fax: (607) 255-9346

E-mail: JRN@CORNELLC.BITNET

 

Marybeth Peters

Policy Planning Adviser to the

Register of Copyrights

Library of Congress

Office LM 403

Phone: (202) 707-8350

Fax: (202) 707-8366

 

C. Michael Sperberg-McQueen

Editor, Text Encoding Initiative

Computer Center (M/C 135)

University of Illinois at Chicago

Box 6998

Chicago, IL 60680

Phone: (312) 413-0317

Fax: (312)