Myths and Legends of China, E. Werner [best english novels for beginners TXT] 📗
- Author: E. Werner
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ü. The vowel-sound in the French tu, eût.
üa. Only in üan, which in some tones is üen. The ū as above; the an as in antic.
üe. The vowel-sounds in the French tu es.
üo. A disputed sound, used, if at all, interchangeably with io in certain syllables.
u. The oo in too; in un and ung as in the Italian punto.
ua. Nearly ooa, in many instances contracting to wa.
uai as in the Italian guai.
uei. The vowel-sounds in the French jouer.
uê. Only in final uên = ú-ŭn; frequently wên or wun.
ui. The vowel-sounds in screwy; in some tones uei.
uo. The Italian uo in fuori; often wo, and at times nearly ŏō.
ŭ. Between the i in bit and the u in shut.
Consonants
ch as in chair; but before ih softened to dj.
ch’. A strong breathing. Much-harm without the italicized letters = ch’a.
f as in farm.
h as ch in Scotch loch.
hs. A slight aspirate preceding and modifying the sibilant, which is, however, the stronger of the two consonants; e.g. hsing = hissing without the first i,
j. Nearly the French j in jaune; the English s in fusion.
k. c in car, k in king; but when following other sounds often softened to g in go, gate.
k’. The aspirate as in ch’. Kick-hard without the italicized letters = k’a; and kick-her == k’ê.
l as in English.
m as in English.
n as in English.
ng. The italicized letters in the French mon galant = nga; mon gaillard = ngai; son gosier = ngo.
p as in English.
p’ The Irish pronunciation of party, parliament. Slap-hard without the italicized letters = p’a.
s as in English.
sh as in English.
ss. Only in ssŭ. The object of employing ss is to fix attention on the peculiar vowel-sound ŭ (see above).
t as in English.
t’ The Irish t in torment. Hit-hard without the italicized letters = t’a.
ts as in jetsam; after another word softened to ds in gladsome.
ts’. The aspirate intervening, as in ch’, etc. Bets-hard without the italicized letters = ts’a. Page 427
tz. Employed to mark the peculiarity of the final ŭ; hardly of greater power than ts.
tz’ like ts’. This, tz, and ss used only before ŭ.
w as in English; but very faint, or even non-existent, before ü.
y as in English; but very faint before i or ü.
Tone
The correct pronunciation of the sound (yin) is not sufficient to make a Chinese spoken word intelligible. Unless the tone (shêng), or musical note, is simultaneously correctly given, either the wrong meaning or no meaning at all will be conveyed. The tone is the key in which the voice is pitched. Accent is a ‘song added to,’ and tone is emphasized accent. The number of these tones differs in the different dialects. In Pekingese there are now four. They are best indicated in transliteration by numbers added to the sound, thus:
pa (1) pa (2) pa (3) pa (4)
To say, for example, pa (3) instead of pa (1) would be as great a mistake as to say ‘grasp’ instead of ‘trumpet.’ Correctness of tone cannot be learnt except by oral instruction.
Rhythm
What tone is to the individual sound rhythm is to the sentence. This also, together with proper appreciation of the mutual modifications of tone and rhythm, can be correctly acquired only by oral instruction.
A
A Zie. In Miao legend of the creation, 407–408
Absolute. Of Lieh Tzŭ, 90–91
Accessory Institutions, 37–38; education, 37–38
Address, Forms of, 42
Administration. General, 28 sq.; in Feudal Period, 28–29; in Monarchical Period, 29; in Republican Period, 30
Æsthetic Products, 59
Age for Marriage, 23
Agents. The Three, 125; the Three Great Emperor Agents, 125; the Three Supreme Agents, 125
Agnosticism. Confucius and, 88–89
Agriculture, 49 sq.; Ministry of, 50
Agriculturists. Nung; the second class of the people, 28
Air. Sovereign of the Eastern, 136–137; sovereign of the Western, 137
Akkadia. Supposed origin of the Chinese in, 13, 15, 17
All Souls’ Day. Festival of (Mid-autumn Festival), 35, 44–45
Alligator, The Spiritual, 223–224
Amita, Amida. O-mi-t’o Fo; Buddha, 119, 120 Page 428
Amitabha. See Amita
An-kung. God of Sailors, 165
Ancestor-worship. The origin of Chinese religion, 52; by rulers, 94; ordinary, 100; and Buddhism, 118
Ao. A sea-monster; raises the scholar K’uei on its back, 106
Ao Ch’in. A Dragon-king; and the Eight Immortals, 214 sq.
Ao Ping. Third son of Lung Wang, 308–309
Aquila. Star; legend regarding Vega and, 189 sq.
Archer, The Divine, 180 sq.
Armless People. Legend of the, 388
Artisans. Kung; the third class of the people, 28
Arts, 49
Astrological Superstitions, 176
Asuras. Buddhist demons; enemies of Dêvas, 198
August. The Pure August One; Yü Huang, 130
B
Barge of Mercy, Taoist, 160
Beards. Little worn, 47
Beginning. Of Form, 90; of Pneuma, 90; the Great, 90; of Substance, 90
Bell, Casting of the Great. Legend of, 394 sq.
Bezoar. See Niu Huang
Bible. Parallelisms of, with Chinese religious and mythological beliefs, 79 n.
“Biographies of the Gods.” Shên hsien chuan, by Ko Hung, 79
Bird. Of Dawn, 186–187; the one-legged, 206
Birth of the Soul, 93
Blackwater River, Demons of. In the Hsi yu chi, 352
Blank, The Great, 90
Blower. See Ch’ên Ch’i
Blue Dragon. Ch’ing Lung; spirit of the Blue Dragon Star; guardian of Taoist temple gates, 146 sq.
Blue River. Hsüan Chuang exposed in, as an infant, 337
“Book of Ceremonial.” Li chi, 103
“Book of History,” 84
Brothers, The Three Musical, 151
Buddha. Ju Lai, 78; and the Law and the Priesthood, 119; Tathagata, 119; Fo Pao, one of the San Pao, 119; Shâkyamuni, 119; Yüeh-shih Fo, the Master-Physician, 120; Miao Shan (Kuan Yin) becomes a, 271; his jumping competition with Sun Hou-tzŭ, 332–333
Buddhism. As a Chinese religion, 53; effect on mythology, 62–63; one of the three religions, 100; brought to China, 118; Mahayanistic form of, 118; origin in ancestor-worship, 118; and Taoism, 118; and Confucianism, 118; Buddha, the Law, and the Priesthood, 119
Buddhist-s. Account of P’an Ku, 77; guardians of temple gates, 146; evil dragons, 208; number of dragons, 209; saviour of the Buddhists in Slow-carts Country, 353 sq.
Buffalo. Of T’ung-t’ien Chiao-chu, 133–134
Burial, Methods of, 39 sq.
Bushel Mother. See Tou Mu
Butterfly. Chuang Tzŭ and the, 91 and n., 148–149
C
“Canon of Changes.” See I Ching
Capture, Marriage By, 22
Carp. Ch’ên Kuang-jui and the released, 336, 339–340
Cart, Land of the Flying, 391
Cask of Pearls. Wang Tan and the, 131–132
Cause-s. First, Yüan-shih
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