The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith [english novels to improve english .TXT] 📗

Paris,” which gave 8,661,381 births and 6,664,161 deaths as the number taking place in the nine years, 1754 to 1763, in France, inclusive of Lorraine and Bar. In his Dictionnaire géographique, historique et politique des Gaules et de la France, tom. v (1768), s.v. Population, Expilly estimated the population at 22,014,357. See Levasseur, La Population française, tom. i, 1889, pp. 215 and 216 note. ↩

Sur la législation et le commerce des grains (by Necker), 1775, ch. viii, estimates the population at 24,181,333 by the method of multiplying the deaths by 31. ↩

Above, here through here. ↩

Below, here. ↩

Above, here through here. ↩

Above, here. ↩

Cp. here. ↩

Above, here. ↩

Repeated verbatim from here. ↩

Above, here. ↩

Above, here. ↩

Ed. 5 omits “along,” doubtless by a misprint. ↩

See Examen des Reflections politiques sur les Finances. —⁠Smith

P. J. Duverney, Examen du livre intitulé Réflections politiques sur les finances et le commerce (by Du Tot), tom. i, p. 225. —⁠Cannan ↩

James Postlethwayt, History of the Public Revenue, 1759, pp. 14, 15, mentions discounts of 25 and 55 percent. The discount varied with the priority of the tallies and did not measure the national credit in general, but the probability of particular taxes bringing in enough to pay the amounts charged upon them. ↩

Ed. 1 reads “unprovident,” as do all editions below, here. ↩

James Postlethwayt, History of the Public Revenue, p. 38. Ed. 5 misprints “9½d.” ↩

James Postlethwayt, History of the Public Revenue, p. 40. ↩

James Postlethwayt, History of the Public Revenue, p. 59. ↩

James Postlethwayt, History of the Public Revenue, pp. 63, 64. ↩

James Postlethwayt, History of the Public Revenue, p. 68. ↩

James Postlethwayt, History of the Public Revenue, p. 71. ↩

James Postlethwayt, History of the Public Revenue, p. 311. ↩

James Postlethwayt, History of the Public Revenue, pp. 301⁠–⁠303, and see above, here. ↩

James Postlethwayt, History of the Public Revenue, pp. 319, 320. ↩

The odd £4,000 of the £206,501 13s. 5d. was for expenses of management. See above, here. ↩

Ed. 1 reads “payment,” perhaps correctly. ↩

James Postlethwayt, History of the Public Revenue, p. 305. ↩

This Act belongs to 1716, not 1717. ↩

Above, here. ↩

In 1717, under the provisions of 3 Geo. I, c. 7. Postlethwayt, History of the Public Revenue, pp. 120, 145. ↩

Anderson, Commerce, AD 1717. ↩

Anderson, Commerce, AD 1727. ↩

This should be 1750. Anderson, Commerce, AD 1749. ↩

5 and 6 W. and M., c. 7. ↩

4 W. and M., c. 3. ↩

Anderson, Commerce, AD 1719. ↩

Anderson, Commerce, AD 1720. ↩

Ed. 1 reads “just as long as.” ↩

Anderson, Commerce, mentions these reductions under their dates, and recalls them in reference to the British reduction in 1717. ↩

Ed. 1 reads “long and short.” ↩

See James Postlethwaite’s history of the public revenue. —⁠Smith

Pp. 42, 143⁠–⁠145, 147, 224, 300. The reference covers the three paragraphs in the text above. —⁠Cannan ↩

Above, here. ↩

Present State of the Nation (above, here), p. 28. ↩

Anderson, Commerce, postscript ad init. ↩

“But the expenses of the war did not cease with its operations.” —⁠Considerations (see a few lines below), p. 4 ↩

Considerations p. 5. ↩

The account is given in the Continuation of Anderson’s Commerce, AD 1764, vol. iv, p. 58, in ed. of 1801. The “¾d.” should be “¼d.” ↩

Considerations on the Trade and Finances of This Kingdom and on the Measures of Administration with Respect to Those Great National Objects Since the Conclusion of the Peace, by Thomas Whately, 1766 (often ascribed to George Grenville), p. 22. ↩

This is the amount obtained by adding the two items mentioned, and is the reading of ed. 1. Eds. 2⁠–⁠5 all read “£139,516,807 2s. 4d.,” which is doubtless a misprint. The total is not given in Considerations. ↩

Considerations, p. 4. ↩

Ed. 1 reads “Among.” ↩

See this note. ↩

Eds. 1⁠–⁠3 read “was.” ↩

It has proved more expensive than any of our former wars; and has involved us in an additional debt of more than one hundred millions. During a profound peace of eleven years, little more than ten millions of debt was paid; during a war of seven years, more than one hundred millions was contracted. —⁠Smith

This note appears first in ed. 3. —⁠Cannan ↩

Garnier’s note, Recherches etc., tom. iv, p. 501, is “Pinto: Traité de la Circulation et du Crédit,” a work published in 1771 (“Amsterdam”), “par l’auteur de