The 2008 CIA World Factbook, United States. Central Intelligence Agency [primary phonics books .TXT] 📗

commercial sexual exploitation
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Libya is on the Tier 2 Watch List
  for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to address
  trafficking in persons in 2007 when compared to 2006, particularly
  in the area of investigating and prosecuting trafficking offenses;
  Libya did not publicly release any data on investigations or
  punishment of any trafficking offenses (2008)

Malaysia
  current situation: Malaysia is a destination and, to a
  lesser extent, a source and transit country for women and children
  trafficked for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation, and
  men, women, and children for forced labor; Malaysia is mainly a
  destination country for men, women, and children who migrate
  willingly from South and Southeast Asia to work, some of whom are
  subjected to conditions of involuntary servitude by Malaysian
  employers in the domestic, agricultural, construction, plantation,
  and industrial sectors; to a lesser extent, some Malaysian women,
  primarily of Chinese ethnicity, are trafficked abroad for commercial
  sexual exploitation
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Malaysia improved from Tier 3 to
  the Tier 2 Watch List for 2008 when it enacted comprehensive
  anti-trafficking legislation in July 2007; however, it did not take
  action against exploitative employers or labor traffickers in 2007;
  the government has not ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2008)

Moldova
  current situation: Moldova is a major source and, to a
  lesser extent, a transit country for women and girls trafficked for
  the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation; Moldovan women are
  trafficked to the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Western Europe;
  girls and young women are trafficked within the country from rural
  areas to Chisinau; children are also trafficked to neighboring
  countries for forced labor and begging; labor trafficking of men to
  work in the construction, agriculture, and service sectors of Russia
  is increasingly a problem
  tier rating: Tier 3 - Moldova does not fully comply with the minimum
  standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making
  significant efforts to do so; the government failed to follow-up on
  allegations of officials complicit in trafficking cited in the 2007
  Report, and it did not demonstrate proactive efforts to identify
  trafficking victims (2008)

Montenegro
  current situation: Montenegro is primarily a transit
  country for the trafficking of women and girls to Western Europe for
  the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation; women and girls from
  the Balkans and Eastern Europe are trafficked across Montenegro to
  Western European countries
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Montenegro is on the Tier 2 Watch
  List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to
  combat trafficking in persons in 2007; public attention to the issue
  of trafficking has diminished considerably in Montenegro in recent
  years (2008)

Mozambique
  current situation: Mozambique is a source and, to a much
  lesser extent, a destination country for men, women, and children
  trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and sexual exploitation;
  the use of forced and bonded child laborers is a common practice in
  Mozambique's rural areas; women and girls are trafficked from rural
  to urban areas of Mozambique, as well as to South Africa, for
  domestic servitude and commercial sexual exploitation; young men and
  boys are trafficked to South Africa for farm work and mining
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - for the second consecutive year,
  Mozambique is on the Tier 2 Watch List for its failure to provide
  evidence of increasing efforts to combat human trafficking in 2007;
  while the government conducted investigations into cases of human
  trafficking, there were no prosecutions or convictions of
  traffickers; government efforts to protect victims of trafficking
  continued to suffer from limited resources and a lack of political
  commitment (2008)

Niger
  current situation: Niger is a source, transit, and destination
  country for children and women trafficked for forced labor and
  sexual exploitation; caste-based slavery practices, rooted in
  ancestral master-slave relationships, continue in isolated areas of
  the country - an estimated 8,800 to 43,000 Nigeriens live under
  conditions of traditional slavery; children are trafficked within
  Niger for forced begging, forced labor in gold mines, domestic
  servitude, sexual exploitation, and possibly for forced labor in
  agriculture and stone quarries; women and children from neighboring
  states are trafficked to and through Niger for domestic servitude,
  sexual exploitation, forced labor in mines and on farms, and as
  mechanics and welders
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Niger is on the Tier 2 Watch List
  for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to
  eliminate trafficking in 2007; in particular, measures to combat and
  eliminate traditional slavery practices were weak; the government's
  overall law enforcement efforts have stalled from 2006; while
  efforts to protect child trafficking victims were steady, the
  government failed to provide services to or rescue adult victims
  subjected to traditional slavery practices, and made poor efforts to
  educate the public about traditional slavery practices in general
  (2008)

Oman
  current situation: Oman is a destination country for men and
  women primarily from Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan who
  migrate willingly, but some of whom become victims of trafficking
  when subjected to conditions of involuntary servitude as domestic
  workers and laborers; mistreatment includes non-payment of wages,
  restrictions on movement and withholding of passports, threats, and
  physical or sexual abuse; Oman may also be a destination country for
  women from Asia, Eastern Europe, and North Africa for commercial
  sexual exploitation
  tier rating: Tier 3 - Oman was rated as Tier 3 for the second
  consecutive year because it did not report any law enforcement
  efforts to prosecute and punish trafficking offenses in 2007 and
  continues to lack victim protection services or a systematic
  procedure to identify victims of trafficking (2008)

Panama
  current situation: Panama is a source, transit, and
  destination country for women and children trafficked for the
  purpose of commercial sexual exploitation; the majority of victims
  are Panamanian women and children trafficked within the country into
  the sex trade; rural children in Panama may be trafficked internally
  to urban areas for labor exploitation
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Panama is on the Tier 2 Watch List
  for failing to show evidence of increasing efforts to combat human
  trafficking, particularly with respect to prosecuting, convicting,
  and sentencing human traffickers for their crimes, and for failing
  to provide adequate victim assistance (2008)

Papua New Guinea
  current situation: Papua New Guinea is a country of
  destination for women and children from Malaysia, the Philippines,
  Thailand, and China trafficked for the purpose of commercial sexual
  exploitation; internal trafficking of women and children for the
  purposes of sexual exploitation and involuntary domestic servitude
  occurs as well
  tier rating: Tier 3 - Papua New Guinea does not fully comply with
  the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not
  making significant efforts to do so; the current legal framework
  does not contain elements of crimes that characterize trafficking;
  the government lacks victim protection services or a systematic
  procedure to identify victims of trafficking; the government did not
  prosecute anyone in 2007 for trafficking; Papua New Guinea has not
  ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2008)

Qatar
  current situation: Qatar is a destination country for men and
  women from South and Southeast Asia who migrate willingly, but are
  subsequently trafficked into involuntary servitude as domestic
  workers and laborers, and, to a lesser extent, commercial sexual
  exploitation; the most common offense was forcing workers to accept
  worse contract terms than those under which they were recruited;
  other conditions include bonded labor, withholding of pay,
  restrictions on movement, arbitrary detention, and physical, mental,
  and sexual abuse
  tier rating: Tier 3 - Qatar failed, for the second consecutive year,
  to enforce criminal laws against traffickers, or to provide an
  effective mechanism to identify and protect victims; it continues to
  detain and deport victims rather than providing them protection; the
  government made little progress to increase prosecutions for
  trafficking in a meaningful way in 2007; workers complaining of
  working conditions or non-payment of wages were sometimes penalized
  (2008)

Russia
  current situation: Russia is a source, transit, and
  destination country for men, women, and children trafficked for
  various purposes; it remains a significant source of women
  trafficked to over 50 countries for commercial sexual exploitation;
  Russia is also a transit and destination country for men and women
  trafficked from Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and North Korea to
  Central and Western Europe and the Middle East for purposes of
  forced labor and sexual exploitation; internal trafficking remains a
  problem in Russia with women trafficked from rural areas to urban
  centers for commercial sexual exploitation, and men trafficked
  internally and from Central Asia for forced labor in the
  construction and agricultural industries; debt bondage is common
  among trafficking victims, and child sex tourism remains a concern
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Russia is on the Tier 2 Watch List
  for a fifth consecutive year for its failure to show evidence of
  increasing efforts to combat trafficking over the previous year,
  particularly in providing assistance to victims of trafficking;
  comprehensive trafficking victim assistance legislation, which would
  address key deficiencies, has been pending before the Duma since
  2003 and was neither passed nor enacted in 2007 (2008)

Saudi Arabia
  current situation: Saudi Arabia is a destination
  country for workers from South and Southeast Asia who are subjected
  to conditions that constitute involuntary servitude including being
  subjected to physical and sexual abuse, non-payment of wages,
  confinement, and withholding of passports as a restriction on their
  movement; domestic workers are particularly vulnerable because some
  are confined to the house in which they work unable to seek help;
  Saudi Arabia is also a destination country for Nigerian, Yemeni,
  Pakistani, Afghan, Somali, Malian, and Sudanese children trafficked
  for forced begging and involuntary servitude as street vendors; some
  Nigerian women were reportedly trafficked into Saudi Arabia for
  commercial sexual exploitation
  tier rating: Tier 3 - Saudi Arabia does not fully comply with the
  minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not
  making significant efforts to do so; the government continues to
  lack adequate anti-trafficking laws and, despite evidence of
  widespread trafficking abuses, did not report any criminal
  prosecutions, convictions, or prison sentences for trafficking
  crimes committed against foreign domestic workers (2008)

South Africa
  current situation: South Africa is a source, transit,
  and destination country for men, women, and children trafficked for
  forced labor and sexual exploitation; women and girls are trafficked
  internally - and occasionally to European and Asian countries - for
  sexual exploitation; women from other African countries are
  trafficked to South Africa and, less frequently, onward to Europe
  for sexual exploitation; men and boys are trafficked from
  neighboring countries for forced agricultural labor; Asian and
  Eastern European women are trafficked to South Africa for
  debt-bonded sexual exploitation
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - South Africa is on the Tier 2 Watch
  List for a fourth consecutive year for its failure to show
  increasing efforts to address trafficking; the government provided
  inadequate data in 2007 on trafficking crimes investigated or
  prosecuted, or on resulting convictions or sentences; it also did
  not provide information on its efforts to protect victims of
  trafficking; the country continues to deport and/or prosecute
  suspected foreign victims without providing appropriate protective
  services (2008)

Sri Lanka
  current situation: Sri Lanka is a source and destination
  country for men and women trafficked for the purposes of involuntary
  servitude and commercial sexual exploitation; Sri Lankan men and
  women migrate willingly to the Persian Gulf, Middle East, and East
  Asia to work as construction workers, domestic servants, or garment
  factory workers, where some find themselves in situations of
  involuntary servitude when faced with restrictions on movement,
  withholding of passports, threats, physical or sexual abuse, and
  debt bondage; children are trafficked internally for commercial
  sexual exploitation and, less frequently, for forced labor
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - for a second consecutive year, Sri
  Lanka is on the Tier 2 Watch List for failing to provide evidence of
  increasing efforts to combat severe forms of human trafficking,
  particularly in the area of law enforcement; the government failed
  to arrest, prosecute, or convict any person for trafficking offenses
  and continued to punish some victims of trafficking for crimes
  committed as a result of being trafficked; Sri Lanka has not
  ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2008)

Sudan
  current situation: Sudan is a source country for men, women,
  and children trafficked internally for the purposes of forced labor
  and sexual exploitation; Sudan is also a transit and destination
  country for Ethiopian women trafficked abroad for domestic
  servitude; Sudanese women and girls are trafficked within the
  country, as well as possibly to Middle Eastern countries for
  domestic servitude; the terrorist rebel organization, Lord's
  Resistance Army, continues to harbor small numbers of Sudanese and
  Ugandan children in the southern part of the country for use as
  cooks, porters, and combatants; some of these children are also
  trafficked across borders into Uganda or the Democratic Republic of
  the Congo; militia groups in Darfur, some of which are linked to the
  government, abduct women for short periods of forced labor and to
  perpetrate sexual violence; during the two decades-long north-south
  civil war, thousands of Dinka women and children were abducted and
  subsequently enslaved by members of the Missiriya and Rezeigat
  tribes; while there have been no known new abductions of Dinka by
  members of Baggara tribes in the last few years, inter-tribal
  abductions continue in southern Sudan
  tier rating: Tier 3 - Sudan does not fully comply with the minimum
  standards for the elimination of trafficking and is