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href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@35420@35420-h@35420-h-3.htm.html#Page_44" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">44 8. Univocal and Æquivocal 47

Chapter III. Of the Things denoted by Names. § 1. Necessity of an enumeration of Nameable Things. The Categories of Aristotle 49 2. Ambiguity of the most general names 51 3. Feelings, or states of consciousness 54 4. Feelings must be distinguished from their physical antecedents. Perceptions, what 56 5. Volitions, and Actions, what 58 6. Substance and Attribute 59 7. Body 61 8. Mind 67 9. Qualities 69 10. Relations 72 11. Resemblance 74 12. Quantity 78 13. All attributes of bodies are grounded on states of consciousness 79 14. So also all attributes of mind 80 15. Recapitulation 81

Chapter IV. Of Propositions. § 1. Nature and office of the copula 85 2. Affirmative and Negative propositions 87 3. Simple and Complex 89 4. Universal, Particular, and Singular 93

Chapter V. Of the Import of Propositions. § 1. Doctrine that a proposition is the expression of a relation between two ideas 96 2. Doctrine that it is the expression of a relation between the meanings of two names 99 3. Doctrine that it consists in referring something to, or excluding something from, a class 103 4. What it really is 107 5. It asserts (or denies) a sequence, a coexistence, a simple existence, a causation 110 6. —or a resemblance 112 7. Propositions of which the terms are abstract 115

Chapter VI. Of Propositions merely Verbal. § 1. Essential and Accidental propositions 119 2. All essential propositions are identical propositions 120 3. Individuals have no essences 124 4. Real propositions, how distinguished from verbal 126 5. Two modes of representing the import of a Real proposition 127

Chapter VII. Of the Nature of Classification, and the Five Predicables. § 1. Classification, how connected with Naming 129 2. The Predicables, what 131 3. Genus and Species 131 4. Kinds have a real existence in nature 134 5. Differentia 139 6. Differentiæ for general purposes, and differentiæ for special or technical purposes 141 7. Proprium 144 8. Accidens 146

Chapter VIII. Of Definition. § 1. A definition, what 148 2. Every name can be defined, whose meaning is susceptible of analysis 150 3. Complete, how distinguished from incomplete definitions 152 4. —and from descriptions 154 5. What are called definitions of Things, are definitions of Names with an implied assumption of the existence of Things corresponding to them 157 6. —even when such things do not in reality exist 165 7. Definitions, though of names only, must be grounded on knowledge of the corresponding Things 167

BOOK II.
OF REASONING.

Chapter I. Of Inference, or Reasoning, in general. § 1. Retrospect of the preceding book 175 2. Inferences improperly so called 177 3. Inferences proper, distinguished into inductions and ratiocinations 181

Chapter II. Of Ratiocination, or Syllogism. § 1. Analysis of the Syllogism 184 2. The dictum de omni not the foundation of reasoning, but a mere identical proposition 191 3. What is the really fundamental axiom of Ratiocination 196 4. The other form of the axiom 199

Chapter III. Of the Functions, and Logical Value, of the Syllogism. § 1. Is the syllogism a petitio principii? 202 2. Insufficiency of the common theory 203 3. All inference is from particulars to particulars 205 4. General propositions are a record of such inferences, and the rules of the syllogism are rules for the interpretation of the record 214 5. The syllogism not the type of reasoning, but a test of it 218 6. The true type, what 222 7. Relation between Induction and Deduction 226 8. Objections answered 227 9. Of Formal Logic, and its relation to the Logic of Truth 231

Chapter IV. Of Trains of Reasoning, and Deductive Sciences. § 1. For what purpose trains of reasoning exist 234 2. A train of reasoning is a series of inductive inferences 234 3. —from particulars to particulars through marks of marks 237 4. Why there are deductive sciences 240 5. Why other sciences still remain experimental 244 6. Experimental sciences may become deductive by the progress of experiment 246 7. In what manner this usually takes place 247

Chapter V. Of Demonstration, and Necessary Truths. § 1. The Theorems of geometry are necessary truths only in the sense of necessarily following from hypotheses 251 2. Those hypotheses are real facts with some of their circumstances exaggerated or omitted 255 3. Some of the first principles of geometry are axioms, and these are not hypothetical 256 4. —but are experimental truths 258 5. An objection answered 261 6. Dr. Whewell's opinions on axioms examined 264

Chapter VI. The same Subject continued. § 1. All deductive sciences are inductive 281 2. The propositions of the science of number are not verbal, but generalizations from experience 284 3. In what sense hypothetical 289 4. The characteristic property of demonstrative science is to be hypothetical 290 5. Definition of demonstrative evidence 292

Chapter VII. Examination of some Opinions opposed to the preceding doctrines. § 1. Doctrine of the Universal Postulate 294 2. The test of inconceivability does not represent the aggregate of past experience 296 3. —nor is implied in every process of thought 299 4. Sir W. Hamilton's opinion on the Principles of Contradiction and Excluded Middle 306

BOOK III.
OF INDUCTION.

Chapter I. Preliminary Observations on Induction in general. § 1. Importance of an Inductive Logic 313 2. The logic of science is also that of business and life 314

Chapter II. Of Inductions improperly so called. § 1. Inductions distinguished from verbal transformations 319 2. —from inductions, falsely so called, in mathematics 321 3. —and from descriptions 323 4. Examination of Dr. Whewell's theory of Induction 326 5. Further illustration of the preceding remarks 336

Chapter III. On the Ground of Induction. § 1. Axiom of the uniformity of the course of nature 341 2. Not true in every sense. Induction per enumerationem simplicem 346 3. The question of Inductive Logic stated 348

Chapter IV. Of Laws of Nature. § 1. The general regularity in nature is a tissue of partial regularities, called laws 351 2. Scientific induction must be grounded on previous spontaneous inductions 355 3. Are there any inductions fitted to be a test of all others? 357

Chapter V. Of the Law of Universal Causation. § 1. The universal law of successive phenomena is the Law of Causation 360 2. —i.e. the law that every consequent has an invariable antecedent 363 3. The cause of a phenomenon is the assemblage of its conditions 365 4. The distinction of agent and patient

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