Poems, Victor Hugo [highly recommended books TXT] 📗

son of the one to a daughter of the other. Abel had loftier views than alliance with a civil servant’s child; Eugène was in love elsewhere; but Victor had fallen enamored with Adèle Foucher. It is true, when poverty beclouded the Hugos, the Fouchers had shrunk into their mantle of dignity, and the girl had been strictly forbidden to correspond with her child-sweetheart.

He, finding letters barred out, wrote a love story (“Hans of Iceland”) in two weeks, where were recited his hopes, fears, and constancy, and this book she could read.

It pleased the public no less, and its sale, together with that of the “Odes” and a West Indian romance, “Buck Jargal,” together with a royal pension, emboldened the poet to renew his love-suit. To refuse the recipient of court funds was not possible to a public functionary. M. Foucher consented to the betrothal in the summer of 1821.

So encloistered had Mdlle. Adèle been, her reading “Hans” the exceptional intrusion, that she only learnt on meeting her affianced that he was mourning his mother. In October, 1822, they were wed, the bride nineteen, the bridegroom but one year the elder. The dinner was marred by the sinister disaster of Eugène Hugo going mad. (He died in an asylum five years later.) The author terminated his wedding year with the “Ode to Louis XVIII.,” read to a society after the President of the Academy had introduced him as “the most promising of our young lyrists.”

In spite of new poems revealing a Napoleonic bias, Victor was invited to see Charles X. consecrated at Rheims, 29th of May, 1825, and was entered on the roll of the Legion of Honor repaying the favors with the verses expected. But though a son was born to him he was not restored to Conservatism; with his mother’s death all that had vanished. His tragedy of “Cromwell” broke lances upon Royalists and upholders of the still reigning style of tragedy. The second collection of “Odes” preluding it, showed the spirit of the son of Napoleon’s general, rather than of the Bourbonist fieldmarshal. On the occasion, too, of the Duke of Tarento being announced at the Austrian Ambassador’s ball, February, 1827, as plain “Marshal Macdonald,” Victor became the mouthpiece of indignant Bonapartists in his “Ode to the Napoleon Column” in the Place Vendôme.

His “Orientales,” though written in a Parisian suburb by one who had not travelled, appealed for Grecian liberty, and depicted sultans and pashas as tyrants, many a line being deemed applicable to personages nearer the Seine than Stamboul.

“Cromwell” was not actable, and “Amy Robsart,” in collaboration with his brother-in-law, Foucher, miserably failed, notwithstanding a finale “superior to Scott’s ‘Kenilworth.’” In one twelvemonth, there was this failure to record, the death of his father from apoplexy at his eldest son’s marriage, and the birth of a second son to Victor towards the close.

Still imprudent, the young father again irritated the court with satire in “Marion Delorme” and “Hernani,” two plays immediately suppressed by the Censure, all the more active as the Revolution of July, 1830, was surely seething up to the edge of the crater.

(At this juncture, the poet Châteaubriand, fading star to our rising sun, yielded up to him formally “his place at the poets’ table.”)

In the summer of 1831, a civil ceremony was performed over the insurgents killed in the previous year, and Hugo was constituted poet-laureate of the Revolution by having his hymn sung in the Pantheon over the biers.

Under Louis Philippe, “Marion Delorme” could be played, but livelier attention was turned to “Nôtre Dame de Paris,” the historical romance in which Hugo vied with Sir Walter. It was to have been followed by others, but the publisher unfortunately secured a contract to monopolize all the new novelist’s prose fictions for a term of years, and the author revenged himself by publishing poems and plays alone. Hence “Nôtre Dame” long stood unique: it was translated in all languages, and plays and operas were founded on it. Heine professed to see in the prominence of the hunchback a personal appeal of the author, who was slightly deformed by one shoulder being a trifle higher than the other; this malicious suggestion reposed also on the fact that the quasi-hero of “Le Roi s’Amuse” (1832, a tragedy suppressed after one representation, for its reflections on royalty), was also a contorted piece of humanity. This play was followed by “Lucrezia Borgia,” “Marie Tudor,” and “Angelo,” written in a singular poetic prose. Spite of bald translations, their action was sufficiently dramatic to make them successes, and even still enduring on our stage. They have all been arranged as operas, whilst Hugo himself, to oblige the father of Louise Bertin, a magazine publisher of note, wrote “Esmeralda” for her music in 1835.

Thus, at 1837, when he was promoted to an officership in the Legion of Honor, it was acknowledged his due as a laborious worker in all fields of literature, however contestable the merits and tendencies of his essays.

In 1839, the Academy, having rejected him several times, elected him among the Forty Immortals. In the previous year had been successfully acted “Ruy Blas,” for which play he had gone to Spanish sources; with and after the then imperative Rhine tour, came an unendurable “trilogy,” the “Burgraves,” played one long, long night in 1843. A real tragedy was to mark that year: his daughter Léopoldine being drowned in the Seine with her husband, who would not save himself when he found that her death-grasp on the sinking boat was not to be loosed.

For distraction, Hugo plunged into politics. A peer in 1845, he sat between Marshal Soult and Pontécoulant, the regicide-judge of Louis XVI. His maiden speech bore upon artistic copyright; but he rapidly became a power in much graver matters.

As fate would have it, his speech on the Bonapartes induced King Louis Philippe to allow Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte to return, and, there being no gratitude in politics, the emancipated outlaw rose as a rival candidate for the Presidency, for which Hugo had nominated himself in his newspaper the Evènement. The story of the Coup d’État is well known; for the Republican’s side, read Hugo’s own “History of a Crime.” Hugo, proscribed, betook himself to Brussels, London, and the Channel Islands, waiting to “return with right when the usurper should be expelled.”

Meanwhile, he satirized the Third Napoleon and his congeners with ceaseless shafts, the principal being the famous “Napoleon the Little,” based on the analogical reasoning that as the earth has moons, the lion the jackal, man himself his simian double, a minor Napoleon was inevitable as a standard of estimation, the grain by which a pyramid is measured. These flings were collected in “Les Châtiments,” a volume preceded by “Les Contemplations” (mostly written in the ‘40’s), and followed by “Les Chansons des Rues et des Bois.”

The baffled publisher’s close-time having expired, or, at least, his heirs being satisfied, three novels appeared, long heralded: in 1862, “Les Misérables” (Ye Wretched), wherein the author figures as Marius and his father as the Bonapartist officer: in 1866, “Les Travailleurs de la Mer” (Toilers of the Sea), its scene among the Channel Islands; and, in 1868, “L’Homme Qui Rit” (The Man who Grins), unfortunately laid in a fanciful England evolved from recondite reading through foreign spectacles. Whilst writing the final chapters, Hugo’s wife died; and, as he had refused the Amnesty, he could only escort her remains to the Belgian frontier, August, 1868. All this while, in his Paris daily newspaper, Le Rappei (adorned with cuts of a Revolutionary drummer beating “to arms!”), he and his sons and son-in-law’s family were reiterating blows at the throne. When it came down in 1870, and the Republic was proclaimed, Hugo hastened to Paris.

His poems, written during the War and Siege, collected under the title of “L’Année Terrible” (The Terrible Year, 1870-71), betray the long-tried exile, “almost alone in his gloom,” after the death of his son Charles and his child. Fleeing to Brussels after the Commune, he nevertheless was so aggressive in sheltering and aiding its fugitives, that he was banished the kingdom, lest there should be a renewal of an assault on his house by the mob, supposed by his adherents to be, not “the honest Belgians,” but the refugee Bonapartists and Royalists, who had not cared to fight for France in France endangered. Resting in Luxemburg, he prepared “L’Année Terrible” for the press, and thence returned to Paris, vainly to plead with President Thiers for the captured Communists’ lives, and vainly, too, proposing himself for election to the new House.

In 1872, his novel of “‘93” pleased the general public here, mainly by the adventures of three charming little children during the prevalence of an internecine war. These phases of a bounteously paternal mood reappeared in “L’Art d’être Grandpère,” published in 1877, when he had become a life-senator.

“Hernani” was in the regular “stock” of the Théâtre Français, “Rigoletto” (Le Roi s’Amuse) always at the Italian opera-house, while the same subject, under the title of “The Fool’s Revenge,” held, as it still holds, a high position on the Anglo-American stage. Finally, the poetic romance of “Torquemada,” for over thirty years promised, came forth in 1882, to prove that the wizard-wand had not lost its cunning.

After dolor, fêtes were come: on one birthday they crown his bust in the chief theatre; on another, all notable Paris parades under his window, where he sits with his grandchildren at his knee, in the shadow of the Triumphal Arch of Napoleon’s Star. It is given to few men thus to see their own apotheosis.

Whilst he was dying, in May, 1885, Paris was but the first mourner for all France; and the magnificent funeral pageant which conducted the pauper’s coffin, antithetically enshrining the remains considered worthy of the highest possible reverence and honors, from the Champs Elysées to the Pantheon, was the more memorable from all that was foremost in French art and letters having marched in the train, and laid a leaf or flower in the tomb of the protégé of Châteaubriand, the brother-in-arms of Dumas, the inspirer of Mars, Dorval, Le-maître, Rachel, and Bernhardt, and, above all, the Nemesis of the Third Empire.

 

EARLY POEMS.

 

MOSES ON THE NILE.

(“Mes soeurs, l’onde est plus fraiche.”)

[TO THE FLORAL GAMES, Toulouse, Feb. 10, 1820.]

 

“Sisters! the wave is freshest in the ray

Of the young morning; the reapers are asleep; The river bank is lonely: come away!

The early murmurs of old Memphis creep Faint on my ear; and here unseen we stray,—

Deep in the covert of the grove withdrawn,

Save by the dewy eye-glance of the dawn.

“Within my father’s palace, fair to see,

Shine all the Arts, but oh! this river side, Pranked with gay flowers, is dearer far to me

Than gold and porphyry vases bright and wide; How glad in heaven the song-bird carols free!

Sweeter these zephyrs float than all the showers

Of costly odors in our royal bowers.

“The sky is pure, the sparkling stream is clear:

Unloose your zones, my maidens! and fling down To float awhile upon these bushes near

Your blue transparent robes: take off my crown, And take away my jealous veil; for here

To-day we shall be joyous while we lave

Our limbs amid the murmur of the wave.

“Hasten; but through the fleecy mists of morn,

What do I see? Look ye along the stream! Nay, timid maidens—we must not return!

Coursing along the current, it would seem An ancient palm-tree to the deep sea borne,

That from the distant wilderness proceeds,

Downwards, to view our wondrous Pyramids.

“But stay! if I may surely trust mine eye,—

It is the bark of Hermes, or the shell Of Iris, wafted gently to the sighs

Of the light breeze along the rippling swell; But no: it is a skiff