Manual of Military Training, James A. Moss [books under 200 pages .TXT] 📗
- Author: James A. Moss
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6. In these exercises no method of communication will be permitted that could not be used under the conditions assumed in the problem.
EXERCISE NO. 1—RANGINGObject: To train the individual to set his sight quickly and accurately for the announced range and windage; and to accustom leaders to the giving of windage data.
Situation: The company is formed in single rank at the ready with rear sight set at zero and the slide screw normally tight.
Action: The range and windage are announced, sights are set accurately in accordance therewith and as rapidly as may be, each man coming to port arms immediately upon completing the operation.
Time: Time is taken from the last word of the command.
Standard: Sights should be correctly set within 15 seconds.
Note: Of the two elements, time and accuracy, accuracy is the more important.
Par. 411, I. D. R., implies complete use of the rear sight, that is, utilization of the wind gauge, and sight setting to the least reading of the rear sight leaf, i. e., 25 yards. Sight setting therefore in this exercise should include, more often than not, "fractional ranges" and windage data.
EXERCISE NO. 2—RANGINGObject: To familiarize officers and noncommissioned officers in the use of an auxiliary aiming point.
Situation: Two men with the company flags are stationed to mark the enemy's invisible position. This position should be suitably located with reference to a practicable aiming point.
Action: The markers are signaled to display their flags. An officer or noncommissioned officer is called up and the enemy's position is pointed out. The flags are then withdrawn and the officer or noncommissioned officer selects an auxiliary aiming point and gives his commands for firing at that point.
EXERCISE NO. 3—TARGET DESIGNATIONObject: To train the individual soldier to locate a target, from a description solely. To do so quickly and accurately and fire thereon with effect, and to train officers and noncommissioned officers in concise, accurate and clear description of targets.
Situation: The men are so placed as not to be able to see to the target. The instructor places himself so as to see the objective.
Action: The instructor, to one man at a time, describes the objective, and directs him to fire one simulated round. The man immediately moves so as to see the target, locates it, estimates the range and fires one simulated shot.
Standard: For ranges within battle sight, time 20 seconds; beyond battle sight, time 30 seconds. Not more than 15% error in the estimation of the range. Objective correctly located.
Note: Arrangements made so that the description of the target is heard by only the man about to fire. After firing the man will not mingle with those waiting to fire.
EXERCISE NO. 4—TARGET DESIGNATIONObject: To train the squad leader in promptly bringing the fire of his squad to bear effectively upon the target presented. To train the individuals of a squad to fire effectively from orders of the squad leader and automatically to obtain effective dispersion.
Situation: The squad is deployed, the squad leader being in the firing line. Position prone. A sighting rest is provided for each rifle.
Action: Upon the appearance of the target the squad leader gives the necessary orders for delivering an effective fire. The men under these orders sight their rifles and then rise. The instructor then examines the position and sighting of each rifle.
Time: Time is taken from the appearance of the target until the last man has risen.
Target: A squad of men to outline a partially concealed enemy emerges from cover, advances a short distance and lies down.
Standard: 90% of the rifles should be sighted in conformity with the orders of the squad leader and should evenly cover the whole front of the objective. The squad leader's estimate of the range should not be in error over 15%.
Note: The squad leader should not, in general, be allowed to divide the target into sectors but to obtain distribution by training the men to fire at that portion of the objective directly related to the position they occupy in their own line. The exercise should be repeated with the squad leader in rear of the squad and not firing. As to this, it is to be noted that Musketry School experiments prove that in small groups the directed fire of say seven (7) rifles is more effective than the partially undirected fire of eight rifles obtained when the group leader is himself firing.
EXERCISE NO. 5—COMMUNICATIONObject: To teach prompt and accurate transmission of firing data without cessation of fire, and also to teach automatic readjustment of fire distribution.
Situation: A squad deployed in the prone position and with sighting rests, is firing at a designated target.
Action: A squad with sights set at zero is deployed and brought up at the double time into the intervals of the firing line and halted. The firing data is transmitted to them without cessation of fire. At the command Rise, given 20 seconds after the command Halt, the first squad rises and retires a short distance to the rear. At the same time, the supports cease fire and adjust their rifles in the rests so as to be aimed at the target as they understand it. They then rise and their rifles are examined by the instructor for range and direction.
Standard: 80% of the rifles should be sighted according to the transmitted data and aimed according to the principles of fire distribution.
Target: One target equal to a squad front, which is increased to two squads prior to the arrival of the supports in the firing line.
Note: This exercise should be repeated with the supporting squad reënforcing on a flank. To determine whether the original squad is able to keep its assigned sector during an advance, this exercise should be repeated, the supports being thrown in after a series of short advances by the original squad. Care should be exercised to prevent the transmission of firing data in a manner under which service conditions would be impracticable. (See Exercise No. 6.)
EXERCISE NO. 6—COMMUNICATIONObject: To train the squad leader in receiving and transmitting instructions by visual signals alone.
Situation: A squad with its leader in the firing line is deployed in the prone position firing at will.
Action: The instructor, without sound or other cautionary means, signals (visually) to the squad leader at various intervals to,
First: Change elevation. Swing the fire to the right or left. Suspend the firing. Etc., etc.The squad leader, upon receiving a signal, causes his squad to execute it without verbal command, or exposing himself.
Time: No specified time limit.
Standard: The squad leader should fire with his squad, but after each shot should look towards his platoon leader for any signal, then observe the fire and conduct of his men, then, after glancing again at his platoon leader, fire again. This the squad leader should do without exposing himself. By lying about a head's length ahead of his men he can see his squad front. In transmitting orders he can accomplish it by nudging the men on his right and left and signaling to them with his hand.
Note: This exercise is essential to prepare men for the deafening noise of a heavy action when speech or sound signals are largely futile.
EXERCISE NO. 7—FIRE DISCIPLINEObject: To train men to carry out strictly the fire orders given them, and to refrain from starting, repeating or accepting any change therefrom without direct orders from a superior.
Situation: A squad deployed in the prone position.
Action: While the squad is firing at an indistinct but specified target, another and clearly visible target appears in the vicinity of the first target but not in the same sector. Upon the appearance of this second target, the instructor sees that the men continue firing at the assigned target. The corporal should check any breach of fire discipline.
Note: Variations of this exercise should be given to test the fire discipline of the men in other phases, such as rate of fire (Par. 147, I. D. R.), etc.
[18] The subjects of fire control and fire direction are coveted in pars. 285–290; 1434–1436.
[19] In attack the target is called "objective"; in the defense, "sector."
CARE OF HEALTH AND KINDRED SUBJECTS
CARE OF THE HEALTH
1451. Importance of good health. Good health is just as necessary to an army as rifles and ammunition. Not only does every sick man take away one rifle from the firing line, but in addition he becomes a care and a burden on the hands of the army. Indeed, it is fully as important for a soldier to take care of his health as it is for him to take care of his rifle and ammunition. The importance of doing everything possible to look after one's health is shown by the fact that in every war so far, many more men have died from disease than were killed in battle or died from wounds. In our Civil War, for instance, for every man on the Union side who was killed in battle or died from wounds, two died from disease. In the Spanish American War the proportion was 1 to 51/2.
To do all that he can to keep in good health is a duty that the soldier owes his country.
1452. Germs. Diseases are caused by little, tiny live animals or plants called germs. They are so small that you require a magnifying glass to see them.
The following illustrations show the typhoid and malarial germs as seen through a magnifying glass:
1453. Five ways of catching disease. There are only five ways to catch disease:
1. By breathing in the live germs. 2. By swallowing the live germs. 3. By touching the live germs. 4. By having the live germs stuck into the skin by insects that bite. 5. By inheritance from parents. Diseases Caught by Breathing in the Germs1454. The more common diseases. The following are some of the more common diseases caught by breathing in the germs: Colds, diphtheria, tonsilitis, grippe, scarlet fever, pneumonia, and consumption.
The germs that cause these diseases grow well in the dark, warm, moist lining of the nose, throat, windpipe and lungs, and they are coughed or sneezed out or blown out and float in tiny bubbles in the air or fall to dry into dust which is blown about with the wind, and so are breathed in, or they may be transferred directly by kissing invalids and sick children.
1455. How to avoid breathing in sickness. Do not visit sick people or a house where the children are sick.
Distributing sickness
Do not let other people cough or sneeze over your food or in your face.
Do not allow others to spit on the floor of your squadron or tent.
Do not do these things yourself.
Blow your nose into a handkerchief that can be boiled or into a piece of paper that can be burned.
Put your hand before your face when you cough or sneeze.
Rinse out the nose with hot, weak salt water at night and especially if you have been inhaling dust.
Brush the teeth after each meal and before going to bed.
Do not pick the nose with the finger nails; it makes sore spots in which germs grow.
On dusty hikes tie a handkerchief across the nose and mouth.
Never sweep the floor with a dry broom. Use a damp mop and so pick the germs up and carry them out instead of driving them up in the air as dust.
Diseases Caught by Swallowing the Germs1456. The more common diseases. The following are some of the more common diseases caught by swallowing the germs: Typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, and ptomaine poisoning.
1457. Water as a distributer of disease. Impure water is one
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