Latin for Beginners, Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge [easy novels to read .TXT] 📗

you will lead, they will hear. 4. You will send, you will fortify, (sing. and plur.), he will say. 5. I shall come, we shall find, they will send.

6. Who[3] will believe the story? I[4] shall believe the story. 7. Whose friends do you favor? We favor our friends. 8. Who will resist our weapons? Sextus will resist your weapons. 9. Who will persuade him? They will persuade him. 10. Why were you injuring my horse? I was not injuring your horse. 11. Whom does a good slave obey? A good slave obeys his master. 12. Our men were eager for another battle.

[Footnote 3: Remember that «quis», who, is singular in number.]

[Footnote 4: Express by «ego», because it is emphatic.]

LESSON XXVI VERBS IN -IŌ OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION · THE IMPERATIVE MOOD

«159.» There are a few common verbs ending in «-iō» which do not belong to the fourth conjugation, as you might infer, but to the third. The fact that they belong to the third conjugation is shown by the ending of the infinitive. (Cf. §126.) Compare

  «audiō, audī´re» (hear), fourth conjugation
  «capiō, ca´pere» (take), third conjugation

«160.» The present, imperfect, and future active indicative of «capiō» are inflected as follows:

  «capiō, capere», take
  PRES. STEM «cape-»

     PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE
     SINGULAR
  1. ca´piō capiē´bam ca´piam
  2. ca´pis capiē´bās ca´piēs
  3. ca´pit capiē´bat ca´piet

     PLURAL
  1. ca´pimus capiēbā´mus capiē´mus
  2. ca´pitis capiēbā´tis capiē´tis
  3. ca´piunt capiē´bant ca´pient

1. Observe that «capiō» and the other «-iō» verbs follow the fourth conjugation wherever in the fourth conjugation two vowels occur in succession. (Cf. capiō, audiō; capiunt, audiunt; and all the imperfect and future.) All other forms are like the third conjugation. (Cf. capis, regis; capit, regit; etc.)

2. Like «capiō», inflect

«faciō, facere», make, do «fugiō, fugere», flee «iaciō, iacere», hurl «rapiō, rapere», seize

«161.» «The Imperative Mood.» The imperative mood expresses a command; as, come! send! The present tense of the imperative is used only in the second person, singular and plural. The singular in the active voice is regularly the same in form as the present stem. The plural is formed by adding «-te» to the singular.

  CONJUGATION SINGULAR PLURAL
    I. amā, love thou amā´te, love ye
   II. monē, advise thou monē´te, advise ye
  III. (a) rege, rule thou re´gite, rule ye
       (b) cape, take thou ca´pite, take ye
   IV. audī, hear thou audī´te, hear ye
  sum (irregular) es, be thou este, be ye

  1. In the third conjugation the final -ĕ- of the stem becomes -ĭ- in
  the plural.

2. The verbs «dīcō», say; «dūcō», lead; and «faciō», make, have the irregular forms «dīc», «dūc», and «fac» in the singular.

3. Give the present active imperative, singular and plural, of «veniō», «dūcō», «vocō», «doceō», «laudō», «dīcō», «sedeō», «agō», «faciō», «mūniō», «mittō», «rapiō».

«162.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Fugient, faciunt, iaciēbat. 2. Dēlē, nūntiāte, fugiunt. 3. Venīte, dīc, faciētis. 4. Dūcite, iaciam, fugiēbant. 5. Fac, iaciēbāmus, fugimus, rapite. 6. Sedēte, reperī, docēte. 7. Fugiēmus, iacient, rapiēs. 8. Reperient, rapiēbātis, nocent. 9. Favēte, resistē, pārēbitis.

10. Volā ad multās terrās et dā auxilium. 11. Ego tēla mea capiam et multās ferās dēlēbō. 12. Quis fābulae tuae crēdet? 13. Este bonī, puerī, et audīte verba grāta magistrī.

II. 1. The goddess will seize her arms and will hurl her weapons. 2. With her weapons she will destroy many beasts. 3. She will give aid to the weak.[1] 4. She will fly to many lands and the beasts will flee. 5. Romans, tell[2] the famous story to your children.

    [Footnote 1: Plural. An adjective used as a noun. (Cf.
    §99.II.3.)]

    [Footnote 2: Imperative. The imperative generally stands first, as
    in English.]

* * * * *

«Third Review, Lessons XVIII-XXVI, §§510-512»

* * * * *

LESSON XXVII THE PASSIVE VOICE PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE OF AMŌ AND MONEŌ

[Special Vocabulary]

  NOUNS
  «āla, -ae», f., wing
  «deus, -ī», m., god (deity)[A]
  «monstrum, -ī», n., omen, prodigy; monster
   ōrāculum, -ī, n., oracle

  VERB
  «vāstō, -āre», lay waste, devastate

  ADJECTIVES
  «commōtus, -a, -um», moved, excited
  «maximus, -a, -um», greatest (maximum)
  «saevus, -a, -um», fierce, savage

  ADVERBS
  «ita», thus, in this way, as follows
  «tum», then, at that time

[Footnote A: For the declension of «deus», see §468]

«163.» «The Voices.» Thus far the verb forms have been in the active voice; that is, they have represented the subject as performing an action; as,

The lion —-> killed —-> the hunter

A verb is said to be in the passive voice when it represents its subject as receiving an action; as,

The lion <—- was killed <—- by the hunter

Note the direction of the arrows.

«164.» «Passive Personal Endings.» In the passive voice we use a different set of personal endings. They are as follows:

SINGULAR PLURAL 1. -r, I 1. -mur, we 2. -ris, -re, you 2. -minī, you 3. -tur, he, she, it 3. -ntur, they

a. Observe that the letter «-r» appears somewhere in all but one of the endings. This is sometimes called the passive sign.

«165.» PARADIGMS

  «amō, amāre» «monēo, monēre»
  PRES. STEM «amā-» PRES. STEM «monē-»

  PRESENT INDICATIVE PERSONAL
                                                                 ENDINGS
  SINGULAR
  a´mor, I am loved mo´neor, I am advised -or[1]
  amā´ris or amā´re, monē´ris or monē´re. -ris or -re
    you are loved you are advised
  amā´tur, he is loved monē´tur, he is advised -tur

  PLURAL
  amā´mur, we are loved monē´mur, we are advised -mur
  amā´minī, you are loved monē´minī, you are advised -mini
  aman´tur, they are loved monen´tur, they are advised -ntur

    [Footnote 1: In the present the personal ending of the first person
    singular is «-or».]

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (TENSE SIGN «-bā-»)

  SINGULAR
  amā´bar, monē´bar, -r
    I was being loved I was being advised
  amābā´ris or amābā´re, monēbā´ris or monēbā´re -ris or -re
    you were being loved you were being advised
  amābā´tur, monēbā´tur, -tur
    he was being loved he was being advised

  PLURAL
  amābā´mur, monēbā´mur, -mur
    we were being loved we were being advised
  amābā´minī, monēbā´minī, -minī
    you were being loved you were being advised
  amāban´tur, monēban´tur, -ntur
    they were being loved they were being advised

FUTURE (TENSE SIGN «-bi-»)

  SINGULAR
  amā´bor, monē´bor, -r
    I shall be loved I shall be advised
  amā´beris, or amā´bere monē´beris or monē´bere, -ris or -re
    you will be loved you will be advised
  amā´bitur, monē´bitur, -tur
    he will be loved he will be advised

  PLURAL
  amā´bimur, monē´bimur, -mur
    we shall be loved we shall be advised
  amābi´minī, monēbi´minī, -minī
    you will be loved you will be advised
  amābun´tur,