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The Heroic Age, 1912, pp. 274 ff. and 278-9, and for his criticism of Meyer, p. 285.

[1100] But see W. Ridgeway, Early Age of Greece, I. 1901, p. 138 ff.

[1101] Art. "Indo-European Languages," Ency. Brit. 1911.

[1102] R. S. Conway, Art. "Aegean Civilisation," in Ency. Brit. 1911, whence this summary is derived, including the chronology, which is not in all respects universally adopted (see p. 27). For a full discussion of the chronology see J. Dechelette, Manuel d'Archeologie prehistorique, Vol. II. 1910, Archeologie celtique ou protohistorique, Ch. II. Sec. V. Chronologie egeenne, p. 54 ff.

[1103] In his valuable and comprehensive work, Africa: Antropologia della Stirpe Camitica, Turin, 1897. It must not be supposed that this classification is unchallenged. T. A. Joyce, "Hamitic Races and Languages," Ency. Brit. 1911, points out that it is impossible to prove the connection between the Eastern and Northern Hamites. The former have a brown skin, with frizzy hair, and are nomadic or semi-nomadic pastors; the latter, whom he would call not Hamites at all, but the Libyan variety of the Mediterranean race, are a white people, with curly hair, and their purest representatives, the Berbers, are agriculturalists. For the fullest and most recent treatment of the subject see the monumental work of Oric Bates, The Eastern Libyans: An Essay, 1913, with bibliography.

[1104] "Les Maures du Senegal," L'Anthropologie, 1896, p. 258 sq.

[1105] That is, the Sanhaja-an Litham, those who wear the litham or veil, which is needed to protect them from the sand, but has now acquired religious significance, and is never worn by the "Moors."

[1106] p. 269.

[1107] See F. Stuhlmann's invaluable work on African culture and race distribution, Handwerk und Industrie in Ostafrika, 1910, especially the map showing the distribution of the Hamites, Pl. II. B.

[1108] The Kababish and Baggara tribes, chief mainstays of former Sudanese revolts, claim to be of unsullied Arab descent with long fictitious pedigrees going back to early Muhammadan times (see p. 74).

[1109] "Les Chaouias," L'Anthropologie, 1897, p. 14.

[1110] P. 17.

[1111] The words collected by Sir H. H. Johnston at Dwirat in Tunis show a great resemblance with the language of the Saharan Tuaregs, and the sheikh of that place "admitted that his people could understand and make themselves understood by those fierce nomads, who range between the southern frontier of Algeria and Tunis and the Sudan" (Geogr. Jour., June, 1898, p. 590).

[1112] Cf. Meinhof, Die Moderne Sprachforschung in Africa, 1910.

[1113] Ti-bu = "Rock People"; cf. Kanem-bu = "Kanem People," southernmost branch of the family on north side of Lake Chad.

[1114] [Greek: Onton de kai auton ede mallon Aithiopon] (I. 8). I take [Greek: ede], which has caused some trouble to commentators, here to mean that, as you advance southwards from the Mediterranean seaboard, you find yourself on entering Garamantian territory already rather amongst Ethiopians than Libyans.

[1115] Reclus, Eng. ed. Vol. XI. p. 429. For the complicated ancestral mixture producing the Tibu see Sir H. H. Johnston, "A Survey of the Ethnography of Africa," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XLIII. 1913, p. 386.

[1116] Reclus, Eng. ed. Vol. XI. p. 430.

[1117] From the enormous sheets of tuffs near the Kharga Oasis Zettel, geologist of G. Rohlf's expedition in 1876, considered that even this sandy waste might have supported a rich vegetation in Quaternary times.

[1118] See Histoire de la Civilisation Egyptienne, G. Jequier, 1913, p. 53 ff. Also, concerning pottery, E. Naville, "The Origin of Egyptian Civilisation," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XXXVII. 1907, p. 203.

[1119] The Egyptians themselves had a tradition that when Menes moved north he found the delta still under water. The sea reached almost as far as the Fayum, and the whole valley, except the Thebais, was a malarious swamp (Herod. II. 4). Thus late into historic times memories still survived that the delta was of relatively recent formation, and that the Retu (Romitu of the Pyramid texts, later Rotu, Romi, etc.) had already developed their social system before the Lower Nile valley was inhabitable. Hence whether the Nile took 20,000 years (Schweinfurth) or over 70,000, as others hold, to fill in its estuary, the beginning of the Egyptian prehistoric period must still be set back many millenniums before the new era. "Ce que nous savons du Sahara, lui-meme alors sillonne de rivieres, atteste qu'il [the delta] ne devait pas etre habitable, pas etre constitue a l'epoque quaternaire" (M. Zaborowski, Bul. Soc. d'Anthrop. 1896, p. 655).

[1120] G. Jequier, Histoire de la Civilisation Egyptienne, 1913, p. 95, but see E. Naville, "The Origin of Egyptian Civilisation," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XXXVII. 1907, p. 209.

[1121] Handwerk und Industrie in Ostafrika, 1910, p. 143.

[1122] "Migrations," Journ. Anthr. Inst. XXXVI. 1906.

[1123] "A Survey of the Ethnography of Africa," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XLIII. 1913.

[1124] See p. 482 below.

[1125] For an alternative route see E. Naville, "The Origin of Egyptian Civilisation," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XXXVII. 1907, p. 209; J. L. Myres, The Dawn of History, 1911, pp. 56-7, also p. 65, and the criticism of Elliot Smith, The Ancient Egyptians, 1911, pp. 88-9.

[1126] The Ancient Egyptians, 1911.

[1127] The Ancient Egyptians, 1911, pp. 56, 58, 62.

[1128] The Ancient Egyptians, 1911, pp. 104-5.

[1129] G. Elliot Smith, loc. cit. pp. 97 and 147.

[1130] E. Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, I. 2, 1909, Sec.Sec. 229, 232, 253.

[1131] G. Elliot Smith, The Ancient Egyptians, 1911, p. 108, but for a different interpretation see J. L. Myres, The Dawn of History, 1911 pp. 51 and 65.

[1132] Loc. cit. p. 147.

[1133] H. R. Hall (The Ancient History of the Near East, 1913, p. 87 n. 3) sees "no resemblance whatever between the facial traits of the Memphite grandees of the Old Kingdom and those of Hittites, Syrians, or modern Anatolians, Armenians or Kurds. They were much more like South Europeans, like modern Italians or Cretans."

[1134] Cf. H. H. Johnston, "A Survey of the Ethnography of Africa," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Soc. XLIII. 1913, p. 383, and also E. Naville, "The Origin of Egyptian Civilisation," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XXXVII. 1907, p. 210.

[1135] G. A. Reisner, "The Early Dynastic Cemeteries of Naga-ed-Der," Part 1. Vol. II. of University of California Publications, 1908, summarised by L. W. King, History of Sumer and Akkad, 1910, pp. 326, 334.

[1136] Geschichte des Altertums, I. 2, 1909, p. 156.

[1137] Journ. Anthr. Inst. XXXIII. 1903, XXXV. 1905, XXXVI. 1906, and Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XXXVIII. 1908.

[1138] Cf. H. H. Johnston, "A Survey of the Ethnography of Africa," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XLIII. 1913, p. 382.

[1139] No physical affinity is suggested. The Lesghian tribes "betray an accentuated brachycephaly, equal to that of the pure Mongols about the Caspians." W. Z. Ripley, The Races of Europe, p. 440.

[1140] J. Deniker, The Races of Man, 1900, p. 439, places the Fulahs in a separate group, the Fulah-Zandeh group. Cf. also A. C. Haddon, The Wanderings of Peoples, 1911, p. 59.

[1141] Loc. cit. p. 401 n.

[1142] Africa, 1897, passim.

[1143] "Some Aspects of the Hamitic Problem in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XLIII. 1913, p. 604. See also C. Crossland, Desert and Water Gardens of the Red Sea, 1913.

[1144] Genealogies of the Somal, 1896.

[1145] "Reisestudien in den Somalilaendern," Globus, LXX. p. 33 sq.

[1146] Ethnographie Nord-Ost-Afrikas: Die geistige Kultur der Danakil, Galla u. Somal, 1896, 2 vols.

[1147] M. Merker, Die Masai, 1904; A. C. Hollis, The Masai, their Language and Folklore, 1905. C. Dundas, "The Organization and Laws of some Bantu Tribes in East Africa," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XLV. 1915, pp. 236-7, thinks that the power of the Masai was over-rated, and that the Galla were really a fiercer race. He quotes Krapf, "Give me the Galla and I have Central Africa." The Nandi (an allied tribe) are described by A. C. Hollis, 1909, and The Suk by M. W. H. Beech, 1911.

[1148] A. E. W. Gleichen, Rennell Rodd's Mission to Menelik, 1897.

[1149] Among recent works on Abyssinia may be mentioned A. B. Wylde, Modern Abyssinia, 1901; H. Weld Blundell, "A Journey through Abyssinia," Geog. Journ. XV. 1900, and "Exploration in the Abai Basin," ib. XXVII. 1906; the Anthropological Survey of Abyssiniapublished by the French Government in 1911; and various publications of the Princeton University Expedition to Abyssinia, edited by E. Littmann.

CHAPTER XIV(THE CAUCASIC PEOPLES (continued))

 

THE SEMITES--Cradle, Origins, and Migrations--Divisions: Semitic Migrations--Babylonia, People and Civilisation--Assyria, People and Civilisation--Syria and Palestine--Canaanites: Amorites: Phoenicians--The Jews--Origins--Early and Later Dispersions-- Diverse Physical Types--Present Range and Population-- THE HITTITES--Conflicting Theories--The Arabs--Spread of the Arab Race and Language--Semitic Monotheism--Its Evolution.

The Himyaritic immigrants, who still hold sway in a foreign land, have long ceased to exist as a distinct nationality in their own country, where they had nevertheless ages ago founded flourishing empires, centres of one of the very oldest civilisations of which there is any record. Should future research confirm the now generally received view that Hamites and Semites are fundamentally of one stock, a view based both on physical and linguistic data[1150], the cradle of the Semitic branch will also probably be traced to South Arabia, and more particularly to that south-western region known to the ancients as Arabia Felix, i.e. the Yemen of the Arabs. While Asia and Africa were still partly separated in the north by a broad marine inlet before the formation of the Nile delta, easy communication was afforded between the two continents farther south at the head of the Gulf of Aden, where they are still almost contiguous. By this route the primitive Hamito-Semitic populations may have moved either westwards into Africa, or, as has also been suggested, eastwards into Asia, where in the course of ages the Semitic type became specialised.

On this assumption South Arabia would necessarily be the first home of the Semites, who in later times spread thence north and east. They appear as Babylonians and Assyrians in Mesopotamia; as Phoenicianson the Syrian coast; as Arabs on the Nejd steppe; as Canaanites, Moabites and others in and about Palestine; as Amorites (Aramaeans, Syrians) in Syria and Asia Minor.

This is the common view of Semitic origins and early migrations, but as practically no systematic excavations have been possible in Arabia, owing to political conditions and the attitude of the inhabitants, definite archaeological or anthropological proofs are still lacking. The hypothesis would, however, seem to harmonise well with all the known conditions. In the first place is to be considered the very narrow area occupied by the Semites, both absolutely and relatively to the domains of the other fundamental ethnical groups. While the Mongols are found in possession of the greater part of Asia, and the Hamites with the Mediterraneans are diffused over the whole of North Africa, South and West Europe since the Stone Ages, the Semites, excluding later expansions--Himyarites to Abyssinia, Phoenicians to the shores of the Mediterranean, Moslem Arabs to Africa, Irania, and Transoxiana--have always been confined to the south-west corner of Asia, comprising very little more than the Arabian Peninsula, Mesopotamia, Syria, and (doubtfully) parts of Asia Minor. Moreover the whole mental outlook of the Semites, their mode of thought, their religion and organisation, indicate their derivation from a desert people; while in Arabia are found at the present time the purest examples not only of Semitic type, but also of Semitic speech[1151]. Their early history, however, as pointed out above, still awaits the spade of the archaeologist, and the earliest migrations that can be definitely traced are in the form of invasions of already