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marrow. This makes the skull very strong and difficult to break. A broken skull is unable to absorb the impact of a blow, making it more likely that there’ll also be damage to your brain.  Diffuse axonal injury

A diffuse axonal injury (sheer injury) is an injury to the brain that doesn’t cause bleeding but does damage the brain cells. The damage to the brain cells results in them not being able to function. It can also result in swelling, causing more damage. Though it isn’t as outwardly visible as other forms of brain injury, a diffuse axonal injury is one of the most dangerous types of head injuries. It can lead to permanent brain damage and even death.

 

SYMPTOMS OF HEAD INJURIES

 

Your head has more blood vessels than any other part of your body, so bleeding on the surface of your brain or within your brain is a serious concern in head injuries. However, not all head injuries cause bleeding.

It’s important to be aware of other symptoms to watch out for. Many symptoms of serious brain injury won’t appear right away. You should always continue to monitor your symptoms for several days after you injure your head.

Common symptoms of a minor head injury include:

a headache light-headedness a spinning sensation mild confusion nausea temporary ringing in the ears

The symptoms of a severe head injury include many of the symptoms of minor head injuries. They can also include:

a loss of consciousness seizures vomiting balance or coordination problems serious disorientation an inability to focus the eyes abnormal eye movements a loss of muscle control a persistent or worsening headache memory loss changes in mood leaking of clear fluid from the ear or the nose

For adults

Severe head or facial bleeding Bleeding or fluid leakage from the nose or ears Severe headache Change in level of consciousness for more than a few seconds Black-and-blue discoloration below the eyes or behind the ears Cessation of breathing Confusion Loss of balance Weakness or an inability to use an arm or leg Unequal pupil size Slurred speech Seizures

For children

Persistent crying Refusal to eat Bulging in the soft spot on the front of the head (infants) Repeated vomiting

If severe head trauma occurs

Keep the person still. Until medical help arrives, keep the injured person lying down and quiet, with the head and shoulders slightly elevated. Don't move the person unless necessary, and avoid moving the person's neck. If the person is wearing a helmet, don't remove it. Stop any bleeding. Apply firm pressure to the wound with sterile gauze or a clean cloth. But don't apply direct pressure to the wound if you suspect a skull fracture. Watch for changes in breathing and alertness. If the person shows no signs of circulation no breathing, coughing or movement begin CPR.

First Aid for Head Injury

Check the person’s airway, breathing and circulation. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR. If the person’s breathing and heart rate are normal, but the person is unconscious, treat as if there is a spinal injury. Stabilize the neck and head by placing your hands on both sides of the person’s head. Keep the head in line with the spine and prevent movement. Wait for medical help. Stop any bleeding by firmly pressing a clean cloth on the wound. If the injury is serious, be careful not to move the person’s head. If blood soaks through the cloth, do not remove it. Place another cloth over the first one. If you suspect a skull fracture, do not apply direct pressure to the bleeding site, and do not remove any debris from the wound. Cover the wound with sterile gauze dressing If the person is vomiting, to prevent choking, roll the person’s head neck and body as one unit onto their side. This still protects the spine, which you must always assume is injured in the case of a head injury. Children often vomit once after a head injury. This may not be a problem, but call a doctor for further guidance. Apply ice packs to swollen areas.

Follow these precautions

Do not wash a head wound that is deep or bleeding a lot. Do not remove any object sticking out of a wound. Do not move the person unless absolutely necessary. Do not shake the person if he or she seems dazed. Do not remove a helmet if you suspect a serious head injury. Do not pick up a fallen child with any sign of head injury. Do not drink alcohol within 48 hours of a serious head injury.

WOUNDS or OPEN INJURIES

There are many types of wounds that can damage the skin including abrasions, lacerations, rupture injuries, punctures, and penetrating wounds. many wounds are superficial requiring local first aid including cleansing and dressing. Some wounds are deeper and need medical attention to prevent infection and loss of function due to damage to underlying structures like bone, muscle, tendon, arteries and nerves. There are four main types of wounds and each one requires a different type of treatment. They are:

Abrasions are caused by scraping the skin, as from falling on a street. In such cases, wash the area with soap and warm water to remove all dirt on the surface. Then cover it carefully with sterilized dressing and bandage. Incised wounds are deep cuts, such as made by broken glass, razor blade or sharp knife. Blood comes out freely from such wounds. In such cases, bandage the area firmly and take the patient to a doctor as early as possible. Lacerated wounds are torn wounds made by blunt instruments or explosions. They are of a serious nature because there is a danger of infection. In such cases, the patient should be removed to the hospital emergency ward for treatment. Punctured wounds are caused by narrow, pointed instruments like nails, needles, thorns or bullets. In such cases, wounds must be cleaned immediately and alcohol be rubbed over the surrounding area. After this, a firm pressure should be applied and the patient be taken to a doctor.

It should always be remembered that whenever the skin is broken, there is always the danger of infection. So care should be taken not to touch the wound with the tips of fingers or without anything else that may carry germs. Immediately after cleaning the wound and the area around, antiseptic solution may be applied if needed, and the patient be taken to a qualified doctor without delay, if the injury is serious.

FIRST AID FOR DIFFERENT WOUNDS

Clean the wound with soap and clean running tap water. Apply continuous firm, direct pressure to wound until bleeding stops. Once the bleeding stops, apply antibiotic ointment, cover with dressing. If blood soaks through the bandage, place another bandage over the first and keep applying pressure Raise the injured body part to slow bleeding When bleeding stops, cover the wound with a new clean bandage

SPRAIN

A ligament is the fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones. It is also known as articular ligament, articular Laura, fibrous ligament, or true ligament.A sprain, also known as a torn ligament, is damage to one or more ligaments in a joint, often caused by trauma or the joint being taken beyond its functional range of motion. The severity of sprain ranges from a minor injury which resolves in a few days to a major rupture of one or more ligaments requiring surgical fixation and a period of immobilization. Sprains can occur in any joint but are most common in the ankle and wrist.

TREATMENT FOR SPRAIN

For most minor Sprains you probably can start initial injury treatment your self:

The first modality for a sprain can be remembered using the acronym RICE. The treatment of sprains depends on the extent of injury and the joint involved. Medications like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can relieve pain. Topical NSAIDs appear to be as good as those taken by mouth.

Rest: The sprain should be rested. No additional force should be applied on site of the sprain. In case of, for example, a sprained ankle, walking should be kept to a minimum. Ice: Ice should be applied immediately to the sprain to reduce swelling and pain. It can be applied for 10–15 minutes at a time (longer application of ice may cause damage instead of healing), 3-4 times a day. Ice can be combined with a wrapping to minimize swelling and provide support. Compression: Dressings, bandages, or ace-wraps should be used to immobilize the sprain and provide support. When wrapping the injury, more pressure should be applied at the far end of the injury and decrease in the direction of the heart; the reason for this is that it more easily causes unnecessary fluid to be flushed back up the blood stream in order to be recycled. Compression should not cut off the circulation of the limb. Elevation: Keeping the sprained joint elevated (in relation to the rest of the body) will also help minimize swelling.

Ice and compression (cold compression therapy) will not completely stop swelling and pain, but will help to minimize them as the sprain begins to heal itself. Careful management of swelling is critical to the healing process as additional fluid may pool in the sprained area.

STRAIN

A strain can occur as a result of improper body mechanics with any activity, lifting heavy objects that can induce mechanical trauma or injury. A strain (also known colloquially as a pulled muscle or torn muscle) is an acute or chronic soft tissue injury that occurs to a muscle, tendon, or both (contractile components). The equivalent injury to a ligament is a sprain.Generally, the muscle or tendon overstretches and is placed under more physical stress than it can exert. The most common body location for strains to occur is in the foot, leg or back.

SYMPTOMS OF STRAIN

Typical signs and symptoms of a strain include:

Pain Functional loss of the involved structure Muscle weakness, contusion, and localized inflammation. A strain can range from mild annoyance to very painful, depending on the extent of injury

FIRST AID FOR STRAINS

The first-line treatment for a muscular strain in the acute phase include five steps commonly known as P.R.I.C.E.

Protection: Apply soft padding to minimize impact with objects. Rest: Rest is necessary to accelerate healing and reduce the potential for re-injury. Ice: Apply ice to induce vasoconstriction, which will reduce blood flow to the site of injury. Never ice for more than 20 minutes at a time. Compression: Wrap the strained area with a soft-wrapped bandage to reduce further diapedesis and promote lymphatic drainage. Elevation: Keep the strained area as close to the level of the heart as is possible in order to promote venous blood return to the systemic circulation.

Immediate treatment is usually an adjunctive therapy of NSAID(Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) and Cold compression therapy. Controlling the inflammation is critical to the healing process. Cold compression therapy acts to reduce swelling and pain by reducing leukocyte extravasation into the injured area. 

 

It is recommended that the person injured should consult a medical provider if the injury is accompanied by severe pain, if the limb cannot be used, or if there is noticeable tenderness over an isolated spot. These can be signs of a broken or fractured bone, a sprain, or a complete muscle tear.

SNAKE BITE

When a poisonous snake strikes a person, it injects venom into the body that may cause death in a very short time. There are many varieties of poisonous snakes in India, namely, the Cobra, Viper, Coral snake and Krait. It is reported that many people die from snake bite. Snakes usually strike in self-defence and they generally strike the foot or leg or hands or arms. Snakes are more prevalent during the monsoon season in gardens. As a preventive measure, people usually carry a long stick and strikes it against stones as he/she walks along to give the snakes a walking.

The symptoms of snake bite are: pain is immediate, severe swelling occurs rapidly and two puncture points made by the fangs are clearly seen. In some cases, there is only one puncture.

As the poison is absorbed there is great weakness, shortness of breath, faintness, rapid pulse, nausea and vomiting, unconsciousness, collapse and bleeding. Emergency and first-aid for a victim of snake-bite is as follows:

Send for a doctor or medically trained person. Immediate action is needed to save the person’s life.

Reassure the patient. Tie the band firmly around the limb just above the bite to keep the poison from spreading. The veins will ‘standout’ on the skin. Release the band every two hours long enough for the skin to return to normal colour. Wash the area to remove any venom that may be on the skin and cleanse the area for the next step. Sterilize a knife blade or other blade by heating it over a flame until it is red. Allow the blade to cool. Make a cross-cut incision (1” long, ½ deep) through each fang mark. Allow the cuts to bleed freely. Apply suction.