A Conchological Manual, George Brettingham Sowerby [little readers .TXT] 📗

410 is Cassis tuberosa, diminished.

 

   CASTALIA. Lam. _Fam._ Trigonées, Lam.--_Descr._ Fluviatile, equivalve,

   inequilateral, trigonal, with corroded umbones; hinge with two laminar,

   transversely striated teeth, one of which is posterior, remote from the

   umbones, short, divided, the other anterior, elongated; epidermis

   thick; internal surface pearly. Lamarck, in describing this shell,

   states, that he regards it as intermediate between Trigonia and Unio.

   It should, however, certainly have been placed in the family of

   "Nayades," and perhaps should form a part of the genus UNIO itself. C.

   ambigua, Lam. fig. 140. South America.

 

   CATILLUS. Brong. (A little dish.) INOCERAMUS, Sow.

 

   CATOPHRAGMUS. Sow. (From [Greek: Katô], _beneath_; [Greek: phragmos] _a

   place_ _paled in_.) _Order_, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ Light

   principal valves, cemented side by side in a circle; eight small

   pointed valves beneath, covering the joints of the upper circle, and

   numerous still smaller valves forming the base of the shell; operculum,

   four valves.--_Obs._ This is the only genus of Sessile Cirripedes,

   consisting of eight principal valves, excepting Octomeris, which is

   destitute of the accessary pieces from which the genus derives its

   name. Fig. 23. C. imbricatus. South Africa.

 

   CAUDAL CANAL. The elongated hollow process which terminates the

   aperture anteriorly of some univalve shells. For instance, Murex

   Haustellum, fig. 396, has an elongated caudal canal.

 

   CELLANTHUS. Montf. VORTICIALIS, Bl. A genus of microscopic

   Foraminifera.

 

   CELLULACEA. Bl. The second order of Cephalophora, Bl. consisting of

   doubtful microscopic bodies, with a number of variously arranged

   shells, as distinguished from the true Polythalamia, Bl. or chambered

   shells. See FORAMINIFERA.

 

   CEMORIA. Flemingii. Leach. A small patelliform shell, differing from

   Fissurella, in having the fissure placed behind the apex, which is

   produced, pointed and incurved. It is the Patella Fissurella, Müll.

   Patella Noachina, Chemn. F. Noachina, Sow. Puncturella, Lowe. Fig. 244.

   Cemoria Flemingii. Scotland and Tierra del Fuego.

 

   CENTRAL. A term used to indicate the position of the muscular

   impression of a bivalve shell when it is near the centre of the inner

   surface. It is also applied to the siphon perforating the septum of a

   chambered shell when it is placed near the centre of the plate.

   _Sub_-central is also used as a comparative term, to indicate the

   position of the siphon, or of the muscular impression, is _near_ the

   centre. Thus in Placuna (fig. 184), the muscular impression is central:

   in Exogyra (fig. 183), it is _sub_-central.

 

   CEPA. Humph. ANOMIA, Linn.

 

   CEPHALOPHORA. Bl. The first class of Malacozoæ, Bl. Divided into:

   _Order_ 1. Cryptodibranchiata; 2. Cellulacea; 3. Polythalamacea. The

   first consisting of Cuttle-fish, &c. which are destitute of shells; the

   second composed of those microscopic cellular bodies, which are

   regarded as shells by some authors; and the third containing the true

   chambered shells.

 

   CEPHALOPODA. Lam. (Cephalopodes.) ([Greek: Kephalê], _kephale_, head;

   [Greek: pous], [Greek: podos], _podos_, foot.) The fourth order of the

   _class_ Mollusca, Lam. containing molluscs, which are characterized by

   having a series of arms surrounding the head, which is placed above a

   sack-shaped body. This order is divided into Polythalamia, or

   many-chambered shells; Monothalamia, or single-chambered cephalopods;

   and Sepiaria, or cuttle-fish. Fig. 463 to 488.

 

   CEPOLIS. Montf. Belonging to the genus HELIX, Auct.

 

   CERATODES. Guild. ([Greek: Keratôdês], like a horn.) A genus composed

   of the flat, orbicular species of AMPULLARIA, Auct. which present so

   near a resemblance to the Planorbes, as to have been considered as

   belonging to them. Planorbis has, however, a horny texture, and no

   operculum, and it is always reversed, which may be observed by placing

   the spire upwards. Fig. 320, represents Ampullaria (Ceratodes)

   Cornu-arietis.

 

   CERIPHASIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Melanianæ, thus described, "Cerithiform;

   outer lip thin, dilated at the base; aperture small, slightly

   emarginate, without any internal groove; inner lip thin. C. sulcata,

   Sw. fig. 38. p. 204." (Sw. Lard. Cyclop. Malac. p. 342.)

 

   CERITHIUM. Brug. _Fam._ Canalifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.--_Desc._

   Elongated, ribbed, tuberculated, or rarely smooth, with a lengthened,

   turrited, pointed, pyramidal spire, consisting of numerous whorls;

   aperture sub-quadrate, terminated anteriorly by a tortuous canal; outer

   lip thickened, sometimes reflected, expanded; inner lip thickened

   posteriorly; operculum horny, spiral, with numerous whorls.--_Obs._ The

   fresh-water shells described as Cerithia by Lamarck, are separated

   under the name Potamis, and may be known by the thick, horny epidermis.

   Triphora, Desh. has the canal closed, except at the extremities.

   Cerithium Telescopium, does not appear to present the same characters

   as the other Cerithia, and has been separated by some writers under the

   generic name Telescopium. Cerithium Aluco, fig. 372. Mediterranean,

   East and West Indies, Coasts of the Pacific, Gallapagos, Australia, &c.

   Some small species are British. Fossils are numerous in the tertiary

   beds.

 

   CERVICOBRANCHIATA. Bl. The second order of Paracephalophora

   Hermaphrodita, Bl. containing symmetrical patelliform shells, divided

   into the families Retifera and Branchifera.

 

   CETOCIS. Montf. _Fam._ Orthocerata, Lam. and Bl. Placed by De

   Blainville in his section of Belemnites, characterized as having small

   folds at the apex. _Ex._ B. Penicillatus.

 

   CETOPIRUS. Ranz. CORONULA BALÆNARIS, Auct. fig. 16.

 

   CHAMA. Auct. _Fam._ Chamacea, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Inequivalve,

   irregular, thick, foliaceous, attached by the umbo of the lower and

   larger valve. External ligament placed in a groove, following the curve

   of the umbones. Umbones spiral, coiled round on the back of the valves;

   hinge with a thick, crenated, lengthened tooth, in one valve, entering

   a corresponding cavity in the hinge margin of the other; muscular

   impressions, two in each valve, distinct, lateral.--_Obs._ The Linnæan

   genus Chama, included the beautiful shells now called Tridacna. These

   are exceedingly different from the true Chama, being regular and

   unattached. The Chama (Tridacna) gigas, when at its full age and

   development, is the largest shell known. Specimens have occurred

   weighing upwards of 500 lbs., and measuring two feet across. Diceras

   may be known from Chama by the spiral horns into which the umbones are

   produced; Isocardia, by the regularity of the shells, and it is hardly

   necessary to mention Spondylus, which may be known by the triangular

   disc between the umbones; Cleidothærus, Stutch. which resembles Chama

   in general form, has a separate bony appendage attached to the hinge,

   and may, moreover, be distinguished by its elongated muscular

   impression. Fig. 153, C. Lazarus. E. and W. Indies.

 

   CHAMACEA. Bl. The seventh family of the order Lamellibranchiata, Bl.

   containing the genera Chama, Diceras, Etheria, Tridacna, Isocardia and

   Trigonia.

 

   CHAMACEA. Lam. A family belonging to the order Conchifera Dimyaria,

   Lam. described as inequivalve, attached, irregular; with or without a

   single rough tooth on the hinge; with two lateral muscular impressions

   in each valve. This family contains the genera--

 

CHAMA. Leafy; umbones spiral. Fig. 153.

 

ETHERIA. Very irregular, pearly, without teeth. Fig. 155.

 

DICERAS. Like Chama, but the umbones free, produced. Fig. 154.

 

   CHAMBERED. When the cavity of a shell is not continuous, but is divided

   by shelly diaphragms or septa, it is said to be chambered. This is the

   case with the shells of the Polythalamous Cephalopoda, as in the

   Nautilus (see Introduction). The character is not confined to these, as

   it occurs in some species of Spondyli, and in several turrited

   univalves.

 

   CHAMOSTRÆA. De Roissy. CLEIDOTHÆRUS. Stutch.

 

   CHARYBS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

 

   CHELIBS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

 

   CHELINOTUS. Sw. A genus of "HALIOTIDÆ," Sw. including Velutina, Lam. a

   species of Sigaretus from Tonga, and Coriocella, Bl. Thus described,

   "Animal cheloniform, broad; depressed; the mantle larger than the

   shell, lobed in front; tentacula two, short, obtuse; eyes basal; mouth

   circular; shell ear-shaped, thin, fragile, imperforate; pillar none."

 

   CHELONOBIA. Leach. CORONULA Testudinaria, Auct. Fig. 15.

 

   CHERSINA. Humph. ACHATINA, Lam.

 

   CHICOREUS. Montf. A generic division of the genus MUREX, consisting of

   such species as have three ramified varices. _Ex._ M. inflatus, fig.

   395.

 

   CHILINA. Gray. _Fam._ Auriculacea, Bl. Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Oval,

   thin, covered with an olive green epidermis; spire rather short,

   consisting of few whorls; aperture large, oval, rounded anteriorly;

 outer lip thin, joining the inner lip without a sinus; inner lip spread

   over part of the body whorl, terminating in a thick columella with one

   or two folds.--_Obs._ These shells differ from the true Auriculæ in the

   thinness of the outer lip. C. Dombeyana (Auricula Dombeyana, Auct.)

   Fig. 300. The illustrated catalogue published by the author (Sow.

   Conch. illustr. parts 135, 136) contains 13 species. Rivers of South

   America.

 

   CHILOTREMA. Leach. A sub-genus of HELIX, containing Helix lapicida,

   Auct. Gray, Turton, p. 140.

 

   CHIMOTREMA. ----? Belongs to HELIX.

 

   CHIONE. Megerle. CYTHERÆA maculosa, (fig. 117, c.) sulcata, circinata,

   &c. Auct. and other similar species.

 

   CHIRONA. Gray. A genus of Balanidæ, the shells consisting of six

   parietal valves and two opercular valves; the upper edges of the

   parietal valves are sloped and the structure is not tubular.

 

   CHISMOBRANCHIATA. Bl. The second order of the first section of

   Paracephalophora Monoica, Bl. Those Mollusca belonging to this order

   which have shells, have them either internal or external, but always

   scutiform, with depressed spires and wide, haliotoid, oblique

   apertures, without a columellar lip properly so called. This order

   partly answers to the family MACROSTOMATA, in the system of Lamarck. It

   contains the genera Coriocella, Sigaretus, Cryptostoma, Oxinoe,

   Stomatella and Velutina.

 

   CHITON. Auct. ([Greek: chiton], an integument.) _Fam._ Phyllidiana,

   Lam. _Class_, Polyplaniphora, Bl.--_Descr._ Oval, consisting of eight

   arched valves arranged in a series across the body of the animal and

   fixed in the skin which forms a rim around them, sometimes scaly,

   spinose, or rugose, sometimes smooth.--_Obs._ The genus Chiton,

   commonly called "Coat of Mail," from its resemblance to jointed armour,

   remains to the present day in exactly the same state with regard to its

   boundaries as that in which Linnæus found it, and in which he left it.

   That illustrious Naturalist placed it among the multivalves in his

   purely Conchological system, although the animal is totally different

   from the Cirripedes. The shells are prettily marked, and are found

   attached to the rocks in all seas of Tropical and Southern climates,

   but fossil species are almost unknown. Fig. 227, C. Spinosus. The genus

   is divided by Guilding into Chiton, Canthopleura, Phakellopleura,

   Chitonellus and Cryptoconchus. Zool. Journ. XVII. p. 27. The author of

   this manual has lately attempted a revision of this interesting but

   neglected genus, and has given a catalogue of all the species hitherto

   known, as far as they could be identified among the confused mass of

   synonyms and descriptions to be found in the works of various

   Conchological writers. This catalogue is to be found in his

   Conchological Illustrations, and refers to figures of 102 species, 92

   of which are contained in parts 38 to 45, and 159 to 176.

 

   CHITONELLUS. Lam. (From _Chiton_) Separated by Lamarck from Chiton, on

   account of the valves being placed at a greater distance from each

   other, the soft integument of the animal intervening. Fig. 228, C.

   striatus. Philippines.

 

   CHLOROSTOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Trochinæ." Sw. (Trochus) of which C.

   argyrostoma is given as an example. Sw. Lard. Cyclop. p. 350.

 

   CHONDRUS. Hartmann. ABIDA, Leach. A genus formed for the reception of

   PUPA secale, Drap. Pupa Juniperi, Montague, which have plaits in the

   aperture.

 

   CHRYSOAR. Montf. Probably a species of ORTHOCERAS.

 

   CHRYSODOMUS. Swains. "Distinguished from Fusus, by the comparative

   shortness of the basal channel, and the ventricose or enlarged shape of

   the body whorl. The beautiful orange-mouthed Whelk of England is a

   typical example; and the few others now known are all of a very large

   size, and chiefly found in Northern Seas, where they represent the more

   elegant Fusi of tropical latitudes; the outer lip is always thin and

   smooth." Sw. page 90, paragraph 78, described at page 308.

 

   CHRYSOLUS. Montf. POLYSTOMELLA, Bl. A genus of microscopic

   Foraminifera.

 

   CHRYSOSTOMA. Sw. A genus of the family "Rotellinæ," Sw. Thus described

   "Shell turbinate; the whorls few and convex; aperture effuse, round;

   inner lip thickened just over, and almost concealing the umbilicus.

   Nicobaricus, Martini, 182 fig. 1822-5." Sw. Lard. Cyclop. Malac. p.

   327.

 

   CHTHALAMUS. Ranz. _Fam._ Balanidea, Bl. Order, Sessile Cirripedes,

   Lam.--_Descr._ "Shell much depressed, valves thick, thickened at the

   base, with prominent areas; operculum nearly horizontal, composed of

   four valves."--_Obs._ This description would apply generically to the

   shell called Platylepas in the British Museum, only nothing is said

   about the prominent plates jutting from the internal surface of