History of the Catholic Church from the Renaissance to the French Revolution - Volume 2, James MacCaffrey [top 5 books to read .txt] 📗
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such conduct, or influenced by the overtures made for peace. Elizabeth's interference in the affairs of the Netherlands, the attacks made by her sailors on Spanish territories and Spanish treasure-ships, and the execution of Mary Queen of Scotland determined him to make a final effort for the overthrow of the English government. The great Armada was got ready for the invasion of England (1588). But the Spanish ships were not destined to reach the English harbours, nor the Spanish soldiers whom they carried on board to test their bravery and skill in conflict with Elizabeth's forces on English soil.
Though there is no evidence either from English or Spanish reports that Catholics in England welcomed the Armada, since both Lord Burghley[38] and Philip II. were convinced that Spain could not rely on their co-operation, and though in many parts of the country Catholics volunteered for service to fight the invader, the government determined to wreak its vengeance on the helpless victims in prison. Within three days six priests and eight laymen were executed near London (August); nine priests and three laymen were put to death in October, and before the end of the year thirty-one had suffered the terrible punishment reserved for traitors, merely because they refused to conform. The prisons were so full of recusants that new houses were opened for their detention. The government reaped a rich harvest by the heavy fines inflicted on the wealthy Catholics and took pains, besides, to annoy them at every turn by domiciliary visits in search of concealed priests. Yet the reports from the country, especially from such places as Lancashire and Cheshire, showed that the Papists were still dangerously strong. A new proclamation was issued against seminary priests and Jesuits (1591). Nine priests and two laymen had been put to death in the previous year (1590), and in 1591 fifteen were martyred, seven of whom were priests and the rest laymen. Throughout the remainder of Queen Elizabeth's reign Catholics in England were not allowed to enjoy peace or respite. If priests, they were by that very fact liable to be hunted down and condemned as traitors; if they were laymen of substance, they were beggared by heavy fines imposed for non-attendance at the English service, or punished by imprisonment, and if they were too poor to pay a fine they could be driven from the kingdom for refusing to conform. Apart altogether from the immense sums levied on Catholics by fines and forfeitures, and from the number of people who died in prison either from confinement or torture, one hundred and eighty-nine were put to death for the faith under Elizabeth, one hundred and twenty-eight of whom were priests; and yet, notwithstanding this persecution, Catholics were still comparatively strong at the death of Elizabeth, and the supply of clergy showed no signs of being exhausted. Over three hundred and sixty priests were in England attending to the wants of their co-religionists in 1603.
Unfortunately the dissensions among the Catholic party in England and on the Continent did more harm to their cause than Elizabeth's persecutions. The close co-operation of Allen and Persons with Spanish political designs for the overthrow of Elizabeth and the invasion of England was as distasteful to a large body of the lay Catholics in England as it was to many of the clergy.[39] Though serious disputes had broken out long before, it was only after the death of Cardinal Allen in 1594 that the crisis reached a head. Many of the secular clergy objected warmly to the influence of the Jesuits, and ugly controversies broke out in England and in the English colleges abroad. Persons and his friends were supposed to be plotting in favour of the succession of a Catholic to the throne on the death of Elizabeth, while most of their opponents favoured the succession of James VI. of Scotland, from whom they expected at least toleration. To put an end to what the latter regarded as the excessive authority of the Jesuits they insisted on the appointment of a bishop who would take charge of English affairs, but for various reasons the Holy See refused to yield to their request. As a compromise, however, George Blackwell was appointed archpriest (1598) with secret instructions, it was said, to consult Garnet, the Jesuit superior in England. The selection was singularly unfortunate, as neither from the point of view of prudence nor of reliability was Blackwell fitted for the extremely delicate position which he was called upon to fill. The seculars refused at first to obey his authority and appealed again to the Pope, who confirmed the appointment. As many of the seculars were still unwilling to yield some of the leaders were censured by the archpriest. A new appeal was forwarded to Rome. In 1602 Clement VIII. issued a document upholding the authority of the archpriest, and, while firmly defending the Jesuits against the charges that had been made against them, warned Blackwell that he should not take his instructions from any person except from the Pope or the Cardinal Protector of England.[40] This controversy could not be kept a secret. It was known to the entire Catholic body, and it was used with great force and success by their opponents. The government took sides with the secular clergy and offered them facilities for carrying their appeals to Rome, but news of the secret negotiations between the seculars and the authorities having been divulged Elizabeth issued a new proclamation (1602) in which she announced that she had never any intention of tolerating two religions in England.[41] The Jesuits and their adherents were commanded to quit the kingdom within thirty days, and their opponents within three months under penalty of treason. To give effect to this proclamation a new commission with extraordinary powers was appointed to secure the banishment of the Catholic clergy. The seculars, who had opposed the archpriest, encouraged by the distinction drawn in the proclamation between the two classes of English priests, the loyal and the disloyal, determined to draw up an address to the queen proclaiming their civil allegiance,[42] but before it was considered Elizabeth had passed away, and the fate in store for them was to be determined by a new ruler. -----
[1] Cf. F. W. Maitland in /Eng. Hist. Review/ (April, 1900). Father
Pollen, S.J., in /The Month/ (Oct., 1900). Id., /Papal
Negotiations with Mary Queen of Scots/, xxvi.
[2] Wilkins, /Concilia/, iv. 180.
[3] Birt, /The Elizabethan Religious Settlement/, 36-8.
[4] On the constitution of the House of Commons, cf. Froude, /Hist. of
Eng./, vii., 40-41.
[5] Wilkins, /Concilia/, iv., 179.
[6] For an account of this Conference, cf. /English Catholic Record
Society/, vol. i. Foxe, /Acts and Monuments/, 1839, viii., 679
sqq.
[7] Birt, op. cit., 91-2.
[8] Phillips, /The Extinction of the Ancient Hierarchy/, 112-114.
[9] For a full treatment of the attitude of the clergy, cf. Blirt, op.
cit., chap. iv. The best history of the resistance and sufferings
of the Marian Bishops is to be found in Phillips' /Extinction of
the Ancient Hierarchy/, 1905.
[10] Cf. Estcourt, /The Question of Anglican Orders/, 1873. Barnes,
/The Pope and the Ordinal/, 1898. Smith, S.J., /Reasons for
Rejecting Anglican Orders/, 1896. Moyes (in the /Tablet/, 1895,
Feb.-May, Sept.-Dec., also 1897).
[11] Cf. Birt, op. cit., chaps. iv., v., xii. Kennedy, /Parish Life
under Queen Elizabeth/, 1914, chap. vii. Frere, /History of the
English Church in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I./, 1904,
61-7.
[12] Pollen, /Papal Negotiations/, etc., xlvi-vii.
[13] Dodd-Tierney, op. cit., iii., app. cccxi.
[14] Frere, op. cit., 60.
[15] Id., op. cit., 99.
[16] Hardwick, /Articles of Religion/, 1859. Gibson, /Thirty-nine
Articles/, 2nd edition, 1898.
[17] Cf. Newman, /Tract 90/ (/Tracts for the Times/). Duchesne,
/Églises Séparées/, 1896. Lingard, vii., 384 sqq. Moyes, /A Talk
on Continuity/ (C. T. Society, authorities cited). /Tablet/ (1911-
12).
[18] /Political History of England/, vi., chap. xv. (The Crisis of
Elizabeth's Reign).
[19] Meyer, /England und die Katholische Kirche/, 64.
[20] Printed in Dodd-Tierney, iii., app. ii.
[21] Meyer, op. cit., 70 sqq.
[22] /Statutes/, 13 Eliz., c. 2.
[23] /Political History of England/, vi., 363.
[24] Rev. J. H. Pollen, S.J., /The Month/, Feb., 1902.
[25] Kennedy, /Parish Life under Queen Elizabeth/, chap. vii., viii.
[26] Haile, /An Elizabethan Cardinal/, 1914. Knox, /Letters and
Memorials of William Cardinal Allen/, 1882. /Allen's Defence of
Eng. Catholics/, 1913 (The Cath. Library, ii.).
[27] Cf. /The English Cath. Refugees on the Continent/, i., 1914.
Lechat, /Les Refugiés anglais dans les Pays-Bas espagnols durant
le règne d'Elisabeth/, 1914. Bellesheim, /Wilhelm Cardinal Allen
und die Engl. Seminare auf dem Festlande/, 1885.
[28] Foley, /Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus/,
ii. /Cath. Record Society of Engl./, ii., 1906.
[29] Bede-Camm, /Lives of the Eng. Martyrs/, ii., 204-49.
[30] Frere, op. cit., 206-15.
[31] Persons, /Memoirs Cath. Rec. Society of Eng./, ii., iv., 1906-7.
Simpson, /Edmund Campion/, 1896.
[32] Published in Cath. Library Series, vol. 6, 1914.
[33] Allen, /Martyrdom of Edmund Campion, and his Companions/, edited,
Father Pollen, 1908.
[34] Bede-Camm, op. cit., 249 sqq.
[35] Burton-Pollen, /Lives of English Martyrs/, vol. i., 1583-88,
1914.
[36] /Statutes/, 27 Eliz., c. 2.
[37] Burton-Pollen, op. cit., xvi. sqq.
[38] Burton-Pollen, op. cit., xxiv. sqq.
[39] Pollen, /Politics of the English Catholics during the reign of
Elizabeth/ (/Month/, 1902-4). Law, /Jesuits and Seculars in the
reign of Elizabeth/, etc., 1889. Id., /The Archpriest Controversy
Documents/, etc., 1896 (Camden Society). /Eng. Catholic Record
Society/, vol. ii.
[40] Dodd-Tierney, iii., app. xxxiv.
[41] Dodd-Tierney, app. xxxv.
[42] Id., app. no. xxxvi.
CHAPTER V
CATHOLICISM IN ENGLAND FROM 1603 TILL 1750
See bibliography of chap. ii., iii., iv. /Calendars of State
Papers/ (James I., Charles I., The Commonwealth, Charles II.).
Knox, /Records of the English Catholics under the Penal Laws/, 2
vols., 1882-84. Challoner, /Memoirs of Missionary Priests and
other Catholics that suffered death in England/ (1577-1684), 2
vols., 1803. Lilly-Wallis, /A Manual of the Law specially
affecting Catholics/, 1893. Butler, /Historical Memoirs of
English, Scottish, and Irish Catholics/, 3 vols., 1819-21. Id.,
/Historical Account of the Laws respecting the Roman Catholics/,
1795. Willaert, S.J., /Négociations Politico-Religieuses entre
L'Angleterre et les Pays-Bas/, 1598-1625 (/Rev. d'Histoire
Ecclés/, 1905-8). Kirk, /Biographies of English Catholics in the
Eighteenth Century/ (edited by Rev. J. H. Pollen, S.J., and
E. Burton, 1909). Morris, /The Condition of Catholics under
James I./, 1871. Id., /The Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers/,
1872-77. Payne, /The English Catholic Nonjurors of 1715/, etc.,
1889. Id., /Records of English Catholics of 1715/, etc., 1891.
Pollock, /The Popish Plot/, etc., 1903. /The Position of the
Catholic Church in England and Wales during the last two
Centuries/, 1892. Hutton, /The English Church
Though there is no evidence either from English or Spanish reports that Catholics in England welcomed the Armada, since both Lord Burghley[38] and Philip II. were convinced that Spain could not rely on their co-operation, and though in many parts of the country Catholics volunteered for service to fight the invader, the government determined to wreak its vengeance on the helpless victims in prison. Within three days six priests and eight laymen were executed near London (August); nine priests and three laymen were put to death in October, and before the end of the year thirty-one had suffered the terrible punishment reserved for traitors, merely because they refused to conform. The prisons were so full of recusants that new houses were opened for their detention. The government reaped a rich harvest by the heavy fines inflicted on the wealthy Catholics and took pains, besides, to annoy them at every turn by domiciliary visits in search of concealed priests. Yet the reports from the country, especially from such places as Lancashire and Cheshire, showed that the Papists were still dangerously strong. A new proclamation was issued against seminary priests and Jesuits (1591). Nine priests and two laymen had been put to death in the previous year (1590), and in 1591 fifteen were martyred, seven of whom were priests and the rest laymen. Throughout the remainder of Queen Elizabeth's reign Catholics in England were not allowed to enjoy peace or respite. If priests, they were by that very fact liable to be hunted down and condemned as traitors; if they were laymen of substance, they were beggared by heavy fines imposed for non-attendance at the English service, or punished by imprisonment, and if they were too poor to pay a fine they could be driven from the kingdom for refusing to conform. Apart altogether from the immense sums levied on Catholics by fines and forfeitures, and from the number of people who died in prison either from confinement or torture, one hundred and eighty-nine were put to death for the faith under Elizabeth, one hundred and twenty-eight of whom were priests; and yet, notwithstanding this persecution, Catholics were still comparatively strong at the death of Elizabeth, and the supply of clergy showed no signs of being exhausted. Over three hundred and sixty priests were in England attending to the wants of their co-religionists in 1603.
Unfortunately the dissensions among the Catholic party in England and on the Continent did more harm to their cause than Elizabeth's persecutions. The close co-operation of Allen and Persons with Spanish political designs for the overthrow of Elizabeth and the invasion of England was as distasteful to a large body of the lay Catholics in England as it was to many of the clergy.[39] Though serious disputes had broken out long before, it was only after the death of Cardinal Allen in 1594 that the crisis reached a head. Many of the secular clergy objected warmly to the influence of the Jesuits, and ugly controversies broke out in England and in the English colleges abroad. Persons and his friends were supposed to be plotting in favour of the succession of a Catholic to the throne on the death of Elizabeth, while most of their opponents favoured the succession of James VI. of Scotland, from whom they expected at least toleration. To put an end to what the latter regarded as the excessive authority of the Jesuits they insisted on the appointment of a bishop who would take charge of English affairs, but for various reasons the Holy See refused to yield to their request. As a compromise, however, George Blackwell was appointed archpriest (1598) with secret instructions, it was said, to consult Garnet, the Jesuit superior in England. The selection was singularly unfortunate, as neither from the point of view of prudence nor of reliability was Blackwell fitted for the extremely delicate position which he was called upon to fill. The seculars refused at first to obey his authority and appealed again to the Pope, who confirmed the appointment. As many of the seculars were still unwilling to yield some of the leaders were censured by the archpriest. A new appeal was forwarded to Rome. In 1602 Clement VIII. issued a document upholding the authority of the archpriest, and, while firmly defending the Jesuits against the charges that had been made against them, warned Blackwell that he should not take his instructions from any person except from the Pope or the Cardinal Protector of England.[40] This controversy could not be kept a secret. It was known to the entire Catholic body, and it was used with great force and success by their opponents. The government took sides with the secular clergy and offered them facilities for carrying their appeals to Rome, but news of the secret negotiations between the seculars and the authorities having been divulged Elizabeth issued a new proclamation (1602) in which she announced that she had never any intention of tolerating two religions in England.[41] The Jesuits and their adherents were commanded to quit the kingdom within thirty days, and their opponents within three months under penalty of treason. To give effect to this proclamation a new commission with extraordinary powers was appointed to secure the banishment of the Catholic clergy. The seculars, who had opposed the archpriest, encouraged by the distinction drawn in the proclamation between the two classes of English priests, the loyal and the disloyal, determined to draw up an address to the queen proclaiming their civil allegiance,[42] but before it was considered Elizabeth had passed away, and the fate in store for them was to be determined by a new ruler. -----
[1] Cf. F. W. Maitland in /Eng. Hist. Review/ (April, 1900). Father
Pollen, S.J., in /The Month/ (Oct., 1900). Id., /Papal
Negotiations with Mary Queen of Scots/, xxvi.
[2] Wilkins, /Concilia/, iv. 180.
[3] Birt, /The Elizabethan Religious Settlement/, 36-8.
[4] On the constitution of the House of Commons, cf. Froude, /Hist. of
Eng./, vii., 40-41.
[5] Wilkins, /Concilia/, iv., 179.
[6] For an account of this Conference, cf. /English Catholic Record
Society/, vol. i. Foxe, /Acts and Monuments/, 1839, viii., 679
sqq.
[7] Birt, op. cit., 91-2.
[8] Phillips, /The Extinction of the Ancient Hierarchy/, 112-114.
[9] For a full treatment of the attitude of the clergy, cf. Blirt, op.
cit., chap. iv. The best history of the resistance and sufferings
of the Marian Bishops is to be found in Phillips' /Extinction of
the Ancient Hierarchy/, 1905.
[10] Cf. Estcourt, /The Question of Anglican Orders/, 1873. Barnes,
/The Pope and the Ordinal/, 1898. Smith, S.J., /Reasons for
Rejecting Anglican Orders/, 1896. Moyes (in the /Tablet/, 1895,
Feb.-May, Sept.-Dec., also 1897).
[11] Cf. Birt, op. cit., chaps. iv., v., xii. Kennedy, /Parish Life
under Queen Elizabeth/, 1914, chap. vii. Frere, /History of the
English Church in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I./, 1904,
61-7.
[12] Pollen, /Papal Negotiations/, etc., xlvi-vii.
[13] Dodd-Tierney, op. cit., iii., app. cccxi.
[14] Frere, op. cit., 60.
[15] Id., op. cit., 99.
[16] Hardwick, /Articles of Religion/, 1859. Gibson, /Thirty-nine
Articles/, 2nd edition, 1898.
[17] Cf. Newman, /Tract 90/ (/Tracts for the Times/). Duchesne,
/Églises Séparées/, 1896. Lingard, vii., 384 sqq. Moyes, /A Talk
on Continuity/ (C. T. Society, authorities cited). /Tablet/ (1911-
12).
[18] /Political History of England/, vi., chap. xv. (The Crisis of
Elizabeth's Reign).
[19] Meyer, /England und die Katholische Kirche/, 64.
[20] Printed in Dodd-Tierney, iii., app. ii.
[21] Meyer, op. cit., 70 sqq.
[22] /Statutes/, 13 Eliz., c. 2.
[23] /Political History of England/, vi., 363.
[24] Rev. J. H. Pollen, S.J., /The Month/, Feb., 1902.
[25] Kennedy, /Parish Life under Queen Elizabeth/, chap. vii., viii.
[26] Haile, /An Elizabethan Cardinal/, 1914. Knox, /Letters and
Memorials of William Cardinal Allen/, 1882. /Allen's Defence of
Eng. Catholics/, 1913 (The Cath. Library, ii.).
[27] Cf. /The English Cath. Refugees on the Continent/, i., 1914.
Lechat, /Les Refugiés anglais dans les Pays-Bas espagnols durant
le règne d'Elisabeth/, 1914. Bellesheim, /Wilhelm Cardinal Allen
und die Engl. Seminare auf dem Festlande/, 1885.
[28] Foley, /Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus/,
ii. /Cath. Record Society of Engl./, ii., 1906.
[29] Bede-Camm, /Lives of the Eng. Martyrs/, ii., 204-49.
[30] Frere, op. cit., 206-15.
[31] Persons, /Memoirs Cath. Rec. Society of Eng./, ii., iv., 1906-7.
Simpson, /Edmund Campion/, 1896.
[32] Published in Cath. Library Series, vol. 6, 1914.
[33] Allen, /Martyrdom of Edmund Campion, and his Companions/, edited,
Father Pollen, 1908.
[34] Bede-Camm, op. cit., 249 sqq.
[35] Burton-Pollen, /Lives of English Martyrs/, vol. i., 1583-88,
1914.
[36] /Statutes/, 27 Eliz., c. 2.
[37] Burton-Pollen, op. cit., xvi. sqq.
[38] Burton-Pollen, op. cit., xxiv. sqq.
[39] Pollen, /Politics of the English Catholics during the reign of
Elizabeth/ (/Month/, 1902-4). Law, /Jesuits and Seculars in the
reign of Elizabeth/, etc., 1889. Id., /The Archpriest Controversy
Documents/, etc., 1896 (Camden Society). /Eng. Catholic Record
Society/, vol. ii.
[40] Dodd-Tierney, iii., app. xxxiv.
[41] Dodd-Tierney, app. xxxv.
[42] Id., app. no. xxxvi.
CHAPTER V
CATHOLICISM IN ENGLAND FROM 1603 TILL 1750
See bibliography of chap. ii., iii., iv. /Calendars of State
Papers/ (James I., Charles I., The Commonwealth, Charles II.).
Knox, /Records of the English Catholics under the Penal Laws/, 2
vols., 1882-84. Challoner, /Memoirs of Missionary Priests and
other Catholics that suffered death in England/ (1577-1684), 2
vols., 1803. Lilly-Wallis, /A Manual of the Law specially
affecting Catholics/, 1893. Butler, /Historical Memoirs of
English, Scottish, and Irish Catholics/, 3 vols., 1819-21. Id.,
/Historical Account of the Laws respecting the Roman Catholics/,
1795. Willaert, S.J., /Négociations Politico-Religieuses entre
L'Angleterre et les Pays-Bas/, 1598-1625 (/Rev. d'Histoire
Ecclés/, 1905-8). Kirk, /Biographies of English Catholics in the
Eighteenth Century/ (edited by Rev. J. H. Pollen, S.J., and
E. Burton, 1909). Morris, /The Condition of Catholics under
James I./, 1871. Id., /The Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers/,
1872-77. Payne, /The English Catholic Nonjurors of 1715/, etc.,
1889. Id., /Records of English Catholics of 1715/, etc., 1891.
Pollock, /The Popish Plot/, etc., 1903. /The Position of the
Catholic Church in England and Wales during the last two
Centuries/, 1892. Hutton, /The English Church
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