Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe, Sabine Baring-Gould [ebook reader below 3000 TXT] 📗

"The house i' the rock
. . . no life to ours."
CYMBELINE III. 3.

PREFACE

When in 1850 appeared the Report of the Secretary of War for the United States, containing Mr. J. H. Simpson's account of the Cliff Dwellings in Colorado, great surprise was awakened in America, and since then these remains have been investigated by many explorers, of whom I need only name Holmes' "Report of the Ancient Ruins in South-West Colorado during the Summers of 1875 and 1876," and Jackson's "Ruins of South- West Colorado in 1875 and 1877." Powell, Newberry, &c., have also described them. A summary is in "Prehistoric America," by the Marquis de Nadaillac, 1885, and the latest contribution to the subject are articles in _Scribner's Magazine_ by E. S. Curtis, 1906 and 1909.

The Pueblos Indians dwell for the most part at a short distance from the Rio Grande; the Zuni, however, one of their best known tribes, are settled far from that river, near the sources of the Gila. In the Pueblos country are tremendous canons of red sandstone, and in their sides are the habitations of human beings perched on every ledge in inaccessible positions. Major Powell, United States Geologist, expressed his amazement at seeing nothing for whole days but perpendicular cliffs everywhere riddled with human dwellings resembling the cells of a honeycomb. The apparently inaccessible heights were scaled by means of long poles with lateral teeth disposed like the rungs of a ladder, and inserted at intervals in notches let into the face of the perpendicular rock. The most curious of these dwellings, compared to which the most Alpine chalet is of easy access, have ceased to be occupied, but the Maqui, in North-West Arizona, still inhabit villages of stone built on sandstone tables, standing isolated in the midst of a sandy ocean almost destitute of vegetation.

The cause of the abandonment of the cliff dwellings has been the diminished rainfall, that rendering the land barren has sent its population elsewhere. The rivers, the very streams, are dried up, and only parched water-courses show where they once flowed.

"The early inhabitants of the region under notice were wonderfully skilful in turning the result of the natural weathering of the rocks to account. To construct a cave-dwelling, the entrance to the cave or the front of the open gallery was walled up with adobes, leaving only a small opening serving for both door and window. The cliff houses take the form and dimensions of the platform or ledge from which they rise. The masonry is well laid, and it is wonderful with what skill the walls are joined to the cliff, and with what care the aspect of the neighbouring rocks has been imitated in the external architecture." [Footnote: Nadaillac, "Prehistoric America," Lond. 1885, p. 205.]

In Asia also these rock-dwellings abound. The limestone cliffs of Palestine are riddled with them. They are found also in Armenia and in Afghanistan. At Bamian, in the latter, "the rocks are perforated in every direction. A whole people could put up in the 'Twelve Thousand Galleries' which occupy the slopes of the valley for a distance of eight miles. Isolated bluffs are pierced with so many chambers that they look like honeycombs." [Footnote: Reclus, "Asia," iii. p. 245.]

That Troglodytes have inhabited rocks in Africa has been known since the time of Pliny.

But it has hardly been realised to what an extent similar cliff dwellings have existed and do still exist in Europe.

In 1894, in my book, "The Deserts of Southern France," I drew attention to rock habitations in Dordogne and Lot, but I had to crush all my information on this subject into a single chapter. The subject, however, is too interesting and too greatly ramified to be thus compressed. It is one, moreover, that throws sidelights on manners and modes of life in the past that cannot fail to be of interest. The description given above of cliff dwellings in Oregon might be employed, without changing a word, for those in Europe.

To the best of my knowledge, the theme of European Troglodytes has remained hitherto undealt with, though occasional mention has been made of those on the Loire. It has been taken for granted that cave-dwellers belonged to a remote past in civilised Europe; but they are only now being expelled in Nottinghamshire and Shropshire, by the interference of sanitary officers.

Elsewhere, the race is by no means extinct. In France more people live underground than most suppose. And they show no inclination to leave their dwellings. Just one month ago from the date of writing this page, I sketched the new front that a man had erected to his paternal cave at Villiers in Loir et Cher. The habitation was wholly subterranean, but then it consisted of one room alone. The freshly completed face was cut in freestone, with door and window, and above were sculptured the aces of hearts, spades, and diamonds, an anchor, a cogwheel and a fish. Separated from this mansion was a second, divided from it by a buttress of untrimmed rock, and this other also was newly fronted, occupied by a neat and pleasant-spoken woman who was vastly proud of her cavern residence. "Mais c'est tout ce qu'on peut desirer. Enfin on s'y trouve tres bien."


CONTENTS


CHAPTER I


PREHISTORIC CAVE-DWELLERS

Formation of chalk--Of dolomitic limestone--Where did the first men live--Their Eden in the chalk lands--Migration elsewhere--Pit dwellings--Civilisation stationary--Troglodytes--Antiquity of man--Les Eyzies--Hotel du Paradis--The first colonists of the Vezere Valley-- Their artistic accomplishments--Painting and sculpture--Rock dwellings in Champagne--Of a later period--Civilisation does not progress uniformly--The earth--Book of the Revelation of the past--La Laugerie Basse--Blandas--Conduche--Grotte de Han--The race of Troglodytes not extinct


CHAPTER II


MODERN TROGLODYTES

Troglodytes of the Etang de Berre--The underground town of Og, King of Bashan--Troo--Sanitation--Ancient mode of disposing of refuse--The talking well--Les Roches--Chateau de Bandan--Chapel of S. Gervais--La Grotte des Vierges--Rochambeau--Le Roi des Halles--La Roche Corbon-- Human refuse at Ezy--Saumur--Are there still pagans among them?-- Bourre--Courtineau--The basket-makers of Villaines--Grioteaux--Sauliac --Cuzorn--Brantome--La Roche Beaucourt--The Swabian Alb--Sibyllen loch-- Vrena Beutlers Hoehle--Schillingsloch--Schloessberg Hoehle--Rock village in Sicily--In the Crimea--In Egypt--In volcanic breccia--Balmes de Montbrun--Grottoes de Boissiere--Grottoes de Jonas--The rock Ceyssac-- The sandstone cave-dwellings of Correze--Their internal arrangement-- Cluseaux--Cave-dwellings in England--In Nottinghamshire--In Staffordshire--In Cornwall--In Scotland--The savage in man--Reversion to savagery--The Gubbins--A stone-cutter--Daniel Gumb--A gentleman of Sens--Toller of Clun Downs


CHAPTER III


SOUTERRAINS

Prussian invasion of Bohemia--Adersbach and Wickelsdorf labyrinths-- Refuges of the Israelites--Gauls suffocated in caves by Caesar-- Armenians by Corbulo--Story of Julius Sabinus--Saracen invasion--The devastation of Aquitaine by Pepin--Rock refuges in Quercy--The Northmen--Persecution of the Albigenses--The cave of Lombrive--The English domination of Guyenne--Two kinds of refuges--Saint Macaire-- Alban--Refuge of Chateau Robin--Exploration--Methods of defence-- Souterrain of Fayrolle--Of Saint Gauderic--Of Fauroux--Of Olmie-- Aubeterre--Refuges under castles--Enormous number of souterrains in France--Victor Hugo's account of those in Brittany--Refuges resorted to in the time of the European War--Those in Picardy--Gapennes--Some comparatively modern--Condition of the peasantry during the Hundred Years' War--Tyranny of the nobles--Their barbarities--Refuges in Ireland--In England--The Dene Holes--at Chislehurst--At Tilbury--Their origin--Fogous in Cornwall--Refuges in Haddingtonshire--In Egg-- Slaughter of the Macdonalds--Refuges in the Isle of Rathlin--Massacre by John Norris--Refuges in Crete--Christians suffocated in one by the Turks--Lamorciere in Algeria. . . . . .


CHAPTER IV


CLIFF REFUGES

Distinction between souterrain and cliff refuges--How these latter were reached--Gazelles--Peuch Saint Sour--Story of S. Sour--The Roc d'Aucor --Exploration--How formerly reached--Boundoulaou--Riou Ferrand--Cliff refuge near Brengues--Les Mees--Fadarelles--Puy Labrousse--Soulier-de- Chasteaux--Refuges in Auvergne--Meschers--In Ariege--The Albigenses-- Caves in Derbyshire--Reynard's cave--Cotton's cave--John Cann's cave-- Elford's cave on Sheep's Tor.... 103-116


CHAPTER V


CLIFF CASTLES. THE ROUTIERS

The seigneural castle--Protection sought against the foes without and against the peasant in revolt--Instance of the Chateau Les Eyzies-- Independence of the petty nobles--Condition of the country in France-- In Germany--Weakness of the Emperor--The Raubritter--Italy--The nobles brought into the towns--Their towers--Division of the subject-- Difference between the English manor-house and the foreign feudal castle--The English in France--The Hundred Years' War--Hopeless condition of the people--The Free Companies--How recruited--Crusade against the Albigenses--Barons no better than Routiers--Death of chivalry--Routiers were rarely Englishmen--Had no scruples as to whom they served--Disregarded treaties--The captains were Gascons or French --The nobles of the south on the English side--Nests in the rock-- Depopulation and devastation--Insolence of the Companies--Bigaroque-- Roc de Tayac--Corn--Roquefort--Brengues--The Bishop of Cahors dies there--Chateau du Diable at Cabrerets--Defile des Anglais--Peyrousse-- Les Roches du Tailleur--Trosky--The scolding women--The English not forgotten in Guyenne . . . . . 117-141


CHAPTER VI


CLIFF CASTLES--_Continued_

The difference between feudal castles and those of the Routiers-- Illustration of the character of the nobles--Two Counts of Perigord-- The nobles in Auvergne--"Les grands Jours"--La Roche Saint Christophe-- Surprised and destroyed--Reoccupied by the Huguenots--Final destruction--La Roche Gageac--Its history--Jean Tarde--Ravages of the Huguenots--Gluges--La Roche Lambert--Habichstein--Buergstein--The spy-- Kronmetz--Covolo--Puxerloch--The shadowless man--Nottingham Castle-- Arrest of Mortimer--Outmost castles--La Grotte de Jioux--Clovis crosses the Vienne--Le Gue du Loir--Antoine de Bourbon--Calvin at Saint Saturnin--His cave--La Roche Corail--Cave in which the "Institute of the Christian Religion" was written--Effects produced by this work --Preparation of men's minds for reform--Havoc wrought to art by the Calvinists--La Rochebrune--A cave-colander--Necessity for outlook stations--Frontier fortifications


CHAPTER VII


SUBTERRANEAN CHURCHES

Basilicas and catacumbal churches--Preference of the people for the latter--The cult of martyrs encouraged this--Crypts--Elevation of relics--Church of SS. John and Paul on the Coelian Hill--Temples were originally sepulchres--Basilican churches converted into mausoleums-- Dedications--Altars of wood changed for altars of stone--At first the bodies of martyrs were not dismembered--But dismemberment was made necessary by the transformation--The Martyrium of Poitiers--S. Emilion --Carvings--Crypt--Aubeterre--A Huguenot stronghold--Orders issued by Jeanne d'Albret--Her extended powers--The monolithic church--Menaced by ruin--Rocamadour--Lirac--Mimet--Caudon--Natural caves used as churches--Gurat--Lanmeur--Story of S. Melor--Dolmen Chapel of the Seven Sleepers--Another at Cangas-de-Ones--Confolens--Subterranean churches in Egypt--In Crete--The sacred caves in Palestine--Revival of cave sanctuaries by the Crusaders--Springs of water in crypts


CHAPTER VIII


ROCK HERMITAGES

Tibetian recluses--Christian hermits in Syria and Egypt--The Essenes and Therapeutae--Description by Philo of the latter--Buddhist and Manichaeean influence--Difference in motive--Likeness superficial-- Possible necessity for the adoption of asceticism--Instance of extravagant asceticism in Syria--Extravagances in Ireland--In England --Early European solitaries--The Beatus Hoehle--Grotto of S. Cybard-- Decadence--Hermits in Languedoc--In Germany--A grocer hermit-- Hermitage at S. Maurice--The Wild Kirchlein--The cave of S. Verena at Soleure--That of Magdalen at Freiburg--Oberstein--Hermitage at Brive-- La Sainte Beaume--Souge--Villiers--Montserrat--Subiaco--La Vernia-- Warkworth--Knaresborough--Robin Hood's stable--Roche--Anchor Church-- Royston cave--Its carvings--Kindly remembrance of the hermit--The hermit a loss


CHAPTER IX


ROCK MONASTERIES

The hermits self-excommunicate--Liability to create a schism--S. Paul-- S. Mary of Egypt--S. Anthony--Enormous number of solitaries compels organisation into monasteries--Causes inducing flight to the desert--S. Athanasius at Treves--Writes the "Life of S. Anthony"--Impulse given to flight from the world in the West--S. Martin--Desires to imitate the Lives of the Fathers of the Desert--At Poitiers--Founds Liguge--Rock cells--Later history and ruin--Martin becomes Bishop of Tours--Founds Marmoutier--History and ruin--Martin and the masqueraders--Present state--Baptistry--The Seven Sleepers--Brice elected bishop--Obliged to fly the see--Return and penance--Cave of S. Leobard--Abbey of Brantome --Underground church--Other caves--"Papists' Holes" at Nottingham--Rock monastery of Meteora--Der el Adra--Inkermann


CHAPTER X


CAVE ORACLES

Polignac--Greek oracles--Charonion--Cave of the Nymphs--Exhalations-- Delos--Care of Trophonios--Experiences of Pausanius--Cave at Acharaca --Sibylline oracles--Destruction--Forged oracles--Oracles among the Jews--Story of Hallbjoern--Sounds issuing from caves--Echo--AEolian cave of Terni--Purgatory of S. Patrick--The Knight Owain--Visit by Sir William Lisle--By a monk of Eymstadt--Prohibited by Alexander VI.-- Prohibition rescinded by Pius III.--Destroyed in 1622--Revival of pilgrimages--Description by Gough--Friar Conrad--Lazarus Aigner-- Roderic, King of the Goths--Sortes Sacrae--Condemned by the Church-- Nevertheless practised--Instances from Gregory of Tours--Incubation in pagan shrines--The