U.S.A. Copyright Law, Library of Congress. Copyright Office [reading diary TXT] 📗
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primary transmissions of any television broadcast station; and
(ii) may order statutory damages not exceeding $250,000 for each 6-month
period during which the pattern or practice was carried out.
(g) Burden of Proof. In any action brought under subsection (f), the
satellite carrier shall have the burden of proving that its secondary
transmission of a primary transmission by a television broadcast station
is made only to subscribers located within that station's local market
or subscribers being served in compliance with section 119 or a private
licensing agreement.
(h) Geographic Limitations on secondary Transmissions. The statutory
license created by this section shall apply to secondary transmissions
to locations in the United States.
(i) Exclusivity with Respect to Secondary Transmissions of Broadcast
Stations by Satellite to Members of the Public. No provision of section
111 or any other law (other than this section and section 119) shall be
construed to contain any authorization, exemption, or license through
which secondary transmissions by satellite carriers of programming
contained in a primary transmission made by a television broadcast
station may be made without obtaining the consent of the copyright
owner.
(j) Definitions. In this section-
(1) Distributor. The term "distributor" means an entity which contracts
to distribute secondary transmissions from a satellite carrier and,
either as a single channel or in a package with other programming,
provides the secondary transmission either directly to individual
subscribers or indirectly through other program distribution entities.
(2) Local market.-
(A) In general. The term "local market", in the case of both commercial
and noncommercial television broadcast stations, means the designated
market area in which a station is located, and-
(i) in the case of a commercial television broadcast station, all
commercial television broadcast stations licensed to a community within
the same designated market area are within the same local market; and
(ii) in the case of a noncommercial educational television broadcast
station, the market includes any station that is licensed to a community
within the same designated market area as the noncommercial educational
television broadcast station.
(B) County of license. In addition to the area described in subparagraph
(A), a station's local market includes the county in which the station's
community of license is located.
(C) Designated market area. For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term
"designated market area" means a designated market area, as determined
by Nielsen Media Research and published in the 1999-2000 Nielsen Station
Index Directory and Nielsen Station Index United States Television
Household Estimates or any successor publication.
(3) Network station; satellite carrier; secondary transmission. The
terms "network station", "satellite carrier", and "secondary
transmission" have the meanings given such terms under section 119(d).
(4) Subscriber. The term "subscriber" means a person who receives a
secondary transmission service from a satellite carrier and pays a fee
for the service, directly or indirectly, to the satellite carrier or to
a distributor.
(5) Television broadcast station. The term "television broadcast
station"-
(A) means an over-the-air, commercial or noncommercial television
broadcast station licensed by the Federal Communications Commission
under subpart E of part 73 of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations,
except that such term does not include a low-power or translator
television station; and
(B) includes a television broadcast station licensed by an appropriate
governmental authority of Canada or Mexico if the station broadcasts
primarily in the English language and is a network station as defined in
section 119(d)(2)(A).
Chapter 1 Endnotes
1 In 1980, section 117 was amended in its entirety with an amendment in
the nature of a substitute that included a new title. However, the table
of sections was not changed to reflect the new title. Pub. L. No.
96-517, 94 Stat. 3015, 3028. In 1997, a technical amendment made that
change. Pub. L. No. 105-80, 111 Stat. 1529, 1534.
2 The Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 amended section 101 by inserting
"Except as otherwise provided in this title," at the beginning of the
first sentence. Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237, 4248.
The Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 amended section 101 by
adding a definition for "Berne Convention work." Pub. L. No. 100-568,
102 Stat. 2853, 2854. In 1990, the Architectural Works Copyright
Protection Act amended the definition of "Berne Convention work" by
adding paragraph (5). Pub. L. No. 101-650, 104 Stat. 5089, 5133. The
WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation
Act of 1998 deleted the definition of "Berne Convention work" from
section 101. Pub. L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860, 2861. The definition
of "Berne Convention work," as deleted, is contained in part VI of the
Appendix.
3 In 1990, the Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act amended
section 101 by adding the definition for "architectural work." Pub. L.
No. 101-650, 104 Stat. 5089, 5133. That Act states that the definition
is applicable to "any architectural work that, on the date of the
enactment of this Act, is unconstructed and embodied in unpublished
plans or drawings, except that protection for such architectural work
under title 17, United States Code, by virtue of the amendments made by
this title, shall terminate on December 31, 2002, unless the work is
constructed by that date."
4 The Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 amended section 101
by adding the definition of "Berne Convention." Pub. L. No. 100-568, 102
Stat. 2853, 2854.
5 The Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act of 1995 amended
section 101 by adding the definition of "digital transmission." Pub. L.
No.104-39, 109 Stat. 336, 348.
6 The Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998 amended section 101 by
adding the definition of "establishment." Pub. L. No. 105-298, 112 Stat.
2827, 2833.
7 The Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998 amended section 101 by
adding the definition of "food service or drinking establishment." Pub.
L. No. 105-298, 112 Stat. 2827, 2833.
8 In 1997, the No Electronic Theft (NET) Act amended section 101 by
adding the definition for "financial gain." Pub. L. No. 105-147, 111
Stat. 2678.
9 The WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties
Implementation Act of 1998 amended section 101 by adding the definition
of "Geneva Phonograms Convention." Pub. L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860,
2861.
10 The Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998 amended section 101 by
adding the definition of "gross square feet of space." Pub. L. No.
105-298, 112 Stat. 2827, 2833.
11 The WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties
Implementation Act of 1998 requires that paragraph (5) of the definition
of "international agreement" take effect upon entry into force of the
WIPO Copyright Treaty with respect to the United States. Pub. L. No.
105-304, 112 Stat. 2860, 2877.
12 The WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties
Implementation Act of 1998 requires that paragraph (6) of the definition
of "international agreement" take effect upon entry into force of the
WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty with respect to the United
States. Pub. L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860, 2877.
13 The WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties
Implementation Act of 1998 amended section 101 by adding the definition
of "international agreement." Pub. L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860, 2861.
14 The Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998 amended section 101 by
adding the definition of "performing rights society." Pub. L. No.
105-298, 112 Stat. 2827, 2833.
15 The Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 amended the
definition of "Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works" by inserting
"diagrams, models, and technical drawings, including architectural
plans" in the first sentence, in lieu of "technical drawings, diagrams,
and models." Pub. L. No. 100-568, 102 Stat. 2853, 2854.
16 The Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998 amended section 101 by
adding the definition of "proprietor." Pub. L. No. 105-298, 112 Stat.
2827, 2833. In 1999, a technical amendment added the phrase "For
purposes of section 513,", to the beginning of the definition of
"proprietor." Pub. L. No. 106-44, 113 Stat. 221, 222.
17 The Copyright Renewal Act of 1992 amended section 101 by adding the
definition of "registration." Pub. L. No. 102-307, 106 Stat. 264, 266.
18 The WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties
Implementation Act of 1998 amended section 101 by adding the definition
of "treaty party." Pub. L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860, 2861.
19 The Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 amended section 101
by adding the definition of "country of origin" of a Berne Convention
work, for purposes of section 411. Pub. L. No. 100-568, 102 Stat. 2853,
The WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms TreatiesImplementation Act of 1998 amended that definition by changing it to a
definition for "United States work," for purposes of section 411. Pub.
L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860, 2861. In 1999, a technical amendment
moved the definition of "United States work" to place it in alphabetical
order, after the definition for "United States." Pub. L. No. 106-44, 113
Stat. 221, 222.
20 The WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties
Implementation Act of 1998 amended section 101 by adding the definition
of "WIPO Copyright Treaty." Pub. L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860, 2861.
That definition is required to take effect upon entry into force of the
WIPO Copyright Treaty with respect to the United States. Pub. L. No.
105-304, 112 Stat. 2860, 2877.
21 The WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties
Implementation Act of 1998 amended section 101 by adding the definition
of "WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty." Pub. L. No. 105-304, 112
Stat. 2860, 2862. That definition is required to take effect upon entry
into force of the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty with respect
to the United States. Pub. L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860, 2877.
22 The Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 amended section 101 by adding
the definition of "work of visual art." Pub. L. No. 101-650, 104 Stat.
5089, 5128.
23 The Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act of 1999 amended the
definition of "a work made for hire" by inserting "as a sound recording"
after "audiovisual work." Pub. L. No. 106-113, 113 Stat. 1501, app. I at
1501A-544. The Work Made for Hire and Copyright Corrections Act of 2000
amended the definition of "work made for hire" by deleting "as a sound
recording" after "audiovisual work." Pub. L. No. 106-379, 114 Stat.
The Act also added a second paragraph to part (2) of thatdefinition. Id. These changes are effective retroactively, as of
November 29, 1999.
24 The WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties
Implementation Act of 1998 amended section 101 by adding the definitions
of "WTO Agreement" and "WTO member country," thereby transferring those
definitions to section 101 from section 104A. Pub. L. No. 105-304, 112
Stat. 2860, 2862. See also endnote 29, infra.
25 In 1980, the definition of "computer program" was added to section
Pub. L. No. 96-517, 94 Stat. 3015, 3028.26 In 1990, the Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act amended
subsection 102(a) by adding at the end thereof paragraph (8). Pub. L.
No. 101-650, 104 Stat. 5089, 5133.
27 The Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 amended section
104(b) by redesignating paragraph (4) as paragraph (5), by inserting
after paragraph (3) a new paragraph (4) and by adding subsection (c) at
the end. Pub. L. No. 100-568, 102 Stat. 2853, 2855. The WIPO Copyright
and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act of 1998
amended section 104 as follows: 1) by amending subsection (b) to
redesignate paragraphs (3) and (5) as (5) and (6), respectively, and by
adding a new paragraph (3); 2) by amending section 104(b), throughout;
and 3) by adding section 104(d). Pub. L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860,
2862.
28 The WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties
Implementation Act of 1998 requires that subsection (d), regarding the
effect of phonograms treaties, take effect upon
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