U.S.A. Copyright Law, Library of Congress. Copyright Office [reading diary TXT] 📗
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7 In 1988, the Judicial Improvements and Access to Justice Act amended
section 912 by deleting subsection (d) and redesignating subsection (e)
as subsection (d). Pub. L. No. 100-702, 102 Stat. 4642, 4672. The Audio
Home Recording Act of 1992 amended section 912 by inserting "or 10"
after "8" in subsections (a) and (b). Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat.
4237, 4248.
8 In 1987, section 914 was amended in subsection (e) by inserting "on
July 1, 1991" in lieu of "three years after such date of enactment" and
by adding the last sentence to subsection (f)(2). Pub. L. No. 100-159,
101 Stat. 899. The Semiconductor International Protection Extension Act
of 1991 amended section 914 by inserting "or implementing" after
"enacting" in the first sentence of subsection (a)(1)(B), by changing
the date in subsection (e) to "July 1, 1995" and by changing the date in
the last sentence of subsection (f)(2) to "July 1, 1994." Pub. L. No.
102-64, 105 Stat. 320.
On July 1, 1995, section 914 expired as required by subsection (e). It
was rendered largely unnecessary upon the entry into force on January 1,
1995, of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights (TRIPs)(Annex 1C to the World Trade Organization (WTO)
Agreement). Part II, section 6 of TRIPs protects semiconductor chip
products and was the basis for Presidential Proclamation No. 6780, March
23, 1995, under section 902(a)(2) extending protection to all present
and future WTO members (34 countries as of February 10, 1999), as of
January 1, 1996. See Part IV of the Appendix.
For a discussion of Congressional findings regarding extending
protection to semiconductor chip products of foreign entities, see Pub.
L. No. 100-159, 101 Stat. 899, and the Semiconductor International
Protection Extension Act of 1991, Pub. L. No. 102-64, 105 Stat. 320.5
Chapter 10 [1]
Digital Audio Recording Devices and Media
Subchapter A--Definitions
DefinitionsSubchapter B--Copying Controls
Incorporation of copying controlsSubchapter C--Royalty Payments
Obligation to make royalty payments Royalty payments Deposit of royalty payments and deduction of expenses Entitlement to royalty payments Procedures for distributing royalty paymentsSubchapter D--Prohibition on Certain Infringement Actions, Remedies,
and Arbitration
Prohibition on certain infringement actions Civil remedies Arbitration of certain disputesSubchapter A Definitions
Section 1001. Definitions
As used in this chapter, the following terms have the following
meanings:
(1) A "digital audio copied recording" is a reproduction in a digital
recording format of a digital musical recording, whether that
reproduction is made directly from another digital musical recording or
indirectly from a transmission.
(2) A "digital audio interface device" is any machine or device that is
designed specifically to communicate digital audio information and
related interface data to a digital audio recording device through a
nonprofessional interface.
(3) A "digital audio recording device" is any machine or device of a
type commonly distributed to individuals for use by individuals, whether
or not included with or as part of some other machine or device, the
digital recording function of which is designed or marketed for the
primary purpose of, and that is capable of, making a digital audio
copied recording for private use, except for-
(A) professional model products, and
(B) dictation machines, answering machines, and other audio recording
equipment that is designed and marketed primarily for the creation of
sound recordings resulting from the fixation of nonmusical sounds.
(4)(A) A "digital audio recording medium" is any material object in a
form commonly distributed for use by individuals, that is primarily
marketed or most commonly used by consumers for the purpose of making
digital audio copied recordings by use of a digital audio recording
device.
(B) Such term does not include any material object-
(i) that embodies a sound recording at the time it is first distributed
by the importer or manufacturer; or
(ii) that is primarily marketed and most commonly used by consumers
either for the purpose of making copies of motion pictures or other
audiovisual works or for the purpose of making copies of nonmusical
literary works, including computer programs or data bases.
(5)(A) A "digital musical recording" is a material object-
(i) in which are fixed, in a digital recording format, only sounds, and
material, statements, or instructions incidental to those fixed sounds,
if any, and
(ii) from which the sounds and material can be perceived, reproduced, or
otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or
device.
(B) A "digital musical recording" does not include a material object-
(i) in which the fixed sounds consist entirely of spoken word
recordings, or
(ii) in which one or more computer programs are fixed, except that a
digital musical recording may contain statements or instructions
constituting the fixed sounds and incidental material, and statements or
instructions to be used directly or indirectly in order to bring about
the perception, reproduction, or communication of the fixed sounds and
incidental material.
(C) For purposes of this paragraph-
(i) a "spoken word recording" is a sound recording in which are fixed
only a series of spoken words, except that the spoken words may be
accompanied by incidental musical or other sounds, and
(ii) the term "incidental" means related to and relatively minor by
comparison.
(6) "Distribute" means to sell, lease, or assign a product to consumers
in the United States, or to sell, lease, or assign a product in the
United States for ultimate transfer to consumers in the United States.
(7) An "interested copyright party" is-
(A) the owner of the exclusive right under section 106(1) of this title
to reproduce a sound recording of a musical work that has been embodied
in a digital musical recording or analog musical recording lawfully made
under this title that has been distributed;
(B) the legal or beneficial owner of, or the person that controls, the
right to reproduce in a digital musical recording or analog musical
recording a musical work that has been embodied in a digital musical
recording or analog musical recording lawfully made under this title
that has been distributed;
(C) a featured recording artist who performs on a sound recording that
has been distributed; or
(D) any association or other organization-
(i) representing persons specified in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C), or
(ii) engaged in licensing rights in musical works to music users on
behalf of writers and publishers.
(8) To "manufacture" means to produce or assemble a product in the
United States. A "manufacturer" is a person who manufactures.
(9) A "music publisher" is a person that is authorized to license the
reproduction of a particular musical work in a sound recording.
(10) A "professional model product" is an audio recording device that is
designed, manufactured, marketed, and intended for use by recording
professionals in the ordinary course of a lawful business, in accordance
with such requirements as the Secretary of Commerce shall establish by
regulation.
(11) The term "serial copying" means the duplication in a digital format
of a copyrighted musical work or sound recording from a digital
reproduction of a digital musical recording. The term "digital
reproduction of a digital musical recording" does not include a digital
musical recording as distributed, by authority of the copyright owner,
for ultimate sale to consumers.
(12) The "transfer price" of a digital audio recording device or a
digital audio recording medium-
(A) is, subject to subparagraph (B)-
(i) in the case of an imported product, the actual entered value at
United States Customs (exclusive of any freight, insurance, and
applicable duty), and
(ii) in the case of a domestic product, the manufacturer's transfer
price (FOB the manufacturer, and exclusive of any direct sales taxes or
excise taxes incurred in connection with the sale); and
(B) shall, in a case in which the transferor and transferee are related
entities or within a single entity, not be less than a reasonable arms-
length price under the principles of the regulations adopted pursuant to
section 482 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or any successor
provision to such section.
(13) A "writer" is the composer or lyricist of a particular musical
work.
Subchapter B-Copying Controls
Section 1002. Incorporation of copying controls
(a) Prohibition on Importation, Manufacture, and Distribution. No person
shall import, manufacture, or distribute any digital audio recording
device or digital audio interface device that does not conform to-
(1) the Serial Copy Management System;
(2) a system that has the same functional characteristics as the Serial
Copy Management System and requires that copyright and generation status
information be accurately sent, received, and acted upon between devices
using the system's method of serial copying regulation and devices using
the Serial Copy Management System; or
(3) any other system certified by the Secretary of Commerce as
prohibiting unauthorized serial copying.
(b) Development of Verification Procedure. The Secretary of Commerce
shall establish a procedure to verify, upon the petition of an
interested party, that a system meets the standards set forth in
subsection (a)(2).
(c) Prohibition on Circumvention of the System. No person shall import,
manufacture, or distribute any device, or offer or perform any service,
the primary purpose or effect of which is to avoid, bypass, remove,
deactivate, or otherwise circumvent any program or circuit which
implements, in whole or in part, a system described in subsection (a).
(d) Encoding of Information on Digital Musical Recordings.
(1) Prohibition on encoding inaccurate information. No person shall
encode a digital musical recording of a sound recording with inaccurate
information relating to the category code, copyright status, or
generation status of the source material for the recording.
(2) Encoding of copyright status not required. Nothing in this chapter
requires any person engaged in the importation or manufacture of digital
musical recordings to encode any such digital musical recording with
respect to its copyright status.
(e) Information Accompanying Transmission in Digital Format. Any person
who transmits or otherwise communicates to the public any sound
recording in digital format is not required under this chapter to
transmit or otherwise communicate the information relating to the
copyright status of the sound recording. Any such person who does
transmit or otherwise communicate such copyright status information
shall transmit or communicate such information accurately.
Subchapter C Royalty Payments
Section 1003. Obligation to make royalty payments
(a) Prohibition on Importation and Manufacture. No person shall import
into and distribute, or manufacture and distribute, any digital audio
recording device or digital audio recording medium unless such person
records the notice specified by this section and subsequently deposits
the statements of account and applicable royalty payments for such
device or medium specified in section 1004.
(b) Filing of Notice. The importer or manufacturer of any digital audio
recording device or digital audio recording medium, within a product
category or utilizing a technology with respect to which such
manufacturer or importer has not previously filed a notice under this
subsection, shall file with the Register of Copyrights a notice with
respect to such device or medium, in such form and content as the
Register shall prescribe by regulation.
(c) Filing of Quarterly and Annual Statements of Account.
(1) Generally. Any importer or manufacturer that distributes any digital
audio recording device or digital audio recording medium that it
manufactured or imported shall file with the Register of Copyrights, in
such form and content as the Register shall prescribe by -regulation,
such quarterly and annual statements of account with respect to such
distribution as the Register shall prescribe by regulation.
(2) Certification, verification, and confidentiality. Each such
statement shall be certified as accurate by an authorized officer or
principal of the importer or manufacturer. The Register shall issue
regulations to provide for the verification and audit of such statements
and to protect the confidentiality of the information contained in such
statements. Such regulations shall provide for the disclosure, in
confidence, of such
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