U.S.A. Copyright Law, Library of Congress. Copyright Office [reading diary TXT] 📗
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of the actual damages.
(B) Statutory damages for section 1002 violations.
(i) Device. A complaining party may recover an award of statutory
damages for each violation of section 1002(a) or (c) in the sum of not
more than $2,500 per device involved in such violation or per device on
which a service prohibited by section 1002(c) has been performed, as the
court considers just.
(ii) Digital musical recording. A complaining party may recover an award
of statutory damages for each violation of section 1002(d) in the sum of
not more than $25 per digital musical recording involved in such
violation, as the court considers just.
(iii) Transmission. A complaining party may recover an award of damages
for each transmission or communication that violates section 1002(e) in
the sum of not more than $10,000, as the court considers just.
(2) Repeated violations. In any case in which the court finds that a
person has violated section 1002 or 1003 within 3 years after a final
judgment against that person for another such violation was entered, the
court may increase the award of damages to not more than double the
amounts that would otherwise be awarded under paragraph (1), as the
court considers just.
(3) Innocent violations of section 1002. The court in its discretion may
reduce the total award of damages against a person violating section
1002 to a sum of not less than $250 in any case in which the court finds
that the violator was not aware and had no reason to believe that its
acts constituted a violation of section 1002.
(e) Payment of Damages. Any award of damages under subsection (d) shall
be deposited with the Register pursuant to section 1005 for distribution
to interested copyright parties as though such funds were royalty
payments made pursuant to section 1003.
(f) Impounding of Articles. At any time while an action under subsection
(a) is pending, the court may order the impounding, on such terms as it
deems reasonable, of any digital audio recording device, digital musical
recording, or device specified in section 1002(c) that is in the custody
or control of the alleged violator and that the court has reasonable
cause to believe does not comply with, or was involved in a violation
of, section 1002.
(g) Remedial Modification and Destruction of Articles. In an action
brought under subsection (a), the court may, as part of a final judgment
or decree finding a violation of section 1002, order the remedial
modification or the destruction of any digital audio recording device,
digital musical recording, or device specified in section 1002(c) that-
(1) does not comply with, or was involved in a violation of, section
1002, and
(2) is in the custody or control of the violator or has been impounded
under subsection (f).
Section 1010. Arbitration of certain disputes [6]
(a) Scope of Arbitration. Before the date of first distribution in the
United States of a digital audio recording device or a digital audio
interface device, any party manufacturing, importing, or distributing
such device, and any interested copyright party may mutually agree to
binding arbitration for the purpose of determining whether such device
is subject to section 1002, or the basis on which royalty payments for
such device are to be made under section 1003.
(b) Initiation of Arbitration Proceedings. Parties agreeing to such
arbitration shall file a petition with the Librarian of Congress
requesting the commencement of an arbitration proceeding. The petition
may include the names and qualifications of potential arbitrators.
Within 2 weeks after receiving such a petition, the Librarian of
Congress shall cause notice to be published in the Federal Register of
the initiation of an arbitration proceeding. Such notice shall include
the names and qualifications of 3 arbitrators chosen by the Librarian of
Congress from a list of available arbitrators obtained from the American
Arbitration Association or such similar organization as the Librarian of
Congress shall select, and from potential arbitrators listed in the
parties' petition. The arbitrators selected under this subsection shall
constitute an Arbitration Panel.
(c) Stay of Judicial Proceedings. Any civil action brought under section
1009 against a party to arbitration under this section shall, on
application of one of the parties to the arbitration, be stayed until
completion of the arbitration proceeding.
(d) Arbitration Proceeding. The Arbitration Panel shall conduct an
arbitration proceeding with respect to the matter concerned, in
accordance with such procedures as it may adopt. The Panel shall act on
the basis of a fully documented written record. Any party to the
arbitration may submit relevant information and proposals to the Panel.
The parties to the proceeding shall bear the entire cost thereof in such
manner and proportion as the Panel shall direct.
(e) Report to the Librarian of Congress. Not later than 60 days after
publication of the notice under subsection (b) of the initiation of an
arbitration proceeding, the Arbitration Panel shall report to the
Librarian of Congress its determination concerning whether the device
concerned is subject to section 1002, or the basis on which royalty
payments for the device are to be made under section 1003. Such report
shall be accompanied by the written record, and shall set forth the
facts that the Panel found relevant to its determination.
(f) Action by the Librarian of Congress. Within 60 days after receiving
the report of the Arbitration Panel under subsection (e), the Librarian
of Congress shall adopt or reject the determination of the Panel. The
Librarian of Congress shall adopt the determination of the Panel unless
the Librarian of Congress finds that the determination is clearly
erroneous. If the Librarian of Congress rejects the determination of the
Panel, the Librarian of Congress shall, before the end of that 60-day
period, and after full examination of the record created in the
arbitration proceeding, issue an order setting forth the Librarian's
decision and the reasons therefor. The Librarian of Congress shall cause
to be published in the Federal Register the determination of the Panel
and the decision of the Librarian of Congress under this subsection with
respect to the determination (including any order issued under the
preceding sentence).
(g) Judicial Review. Any decision of the Librarian of Congress under
subsection (f) with respect to a determination of the Arbitration Panel
may be appealed, by a party to the arbitration, to the United States
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, within 30 days
after the publication of the decision in the Federal Register. The
pendency of an appeal under this subsection shall not stay the decision
of the Librarian of Congress. The court shall have jurisdiction to
modify or vacate a decision of the Librarian of Congress only if it
finds, on the basis of the record before the Librarian of Congress, that
the Arbitration Panel or the Librarian of Congress acted in an arbitrary
manner. If the court modifies the decision of the Librarian of Congress,
the court shall have jurisdiction to enter its own decision in
accordance with its final judgment. The court may further vacate the
decision of the Librarian of Congress and remand the case for
arbitration proceedings as provided in this section.
Chapter 10 Endnotes
1 The Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 added chapter 10, entitled
"Digital Audio Recording Devices and Media," to title 17. Pub. L. No.
102-563, 106 Stat. 4237.
2 The Copyright Royalty Tribunal Reform Act of 1993 amended section
1004(a)(3) by substituting "Librarian of Congress" in lieu of "Copyright
Royalty Tribunal," where appropriate. Pub. L. No. 103-198, 107 Stat.
2304, 2312.
3 The Copyright Royalty Tribunal Reform Act of 1993 amended section
1005 by striking the last sentence which began "The Register shall
submit to the Copyright Royalty Tribunal." Pub. L. No. 103-198, 107
Stat. 2304, 2312.
4 The Copyright Royalty Tribunal Reform Act of 1993 amended section
1006(c) by substituting "Librarian of Congress" in lieu of "Copyright
Royalty Tribunal," where appropriate. Pub. L. No. 103-198, 107 Stat.
2304, 2312. In 1997, section 1006(b)(1) was amended to insert
"Federation of Television" in lieu of "Federation Television" wherever
it appeared. Pub. L. No. 105-80, 111 Stat. 1529, 1535.
5 The Copyright Royalty Tribunal Reform Act of 1993 amended section
1007 by substituting "Librarian of Congress" in lieu of "Copyright
Royalty Tribunal" or "Tribunal," where appropriate, by amending the
first sentence in subsection (c) and by inserting "the reasonable
administrative costs incurred by the Librarian" in the last sentence of
subsection (c), in lieu of "its reasonable administrative costs." Pub.
L. No. 103-198, 107 Stat. 2304, 2312.
In 1997, section 1007 was amended, in subsection (a)(1), by inserting
"calendar year 1992" in lieu of "the calendar year in which this chapter
takes effect" and, in subsection (b), by inserting "1992" in lieu of
"the year in which this section takes effect," and also in subsection
(b), by inserting "After" in lieu of "Within 30 days after." Pub. L. No.
105-80, 111 Stat. 1529, 1534 and 1535.
6 The Copyright Royalty Tribunal Reform Act of 1993 amended section
1010 by substituting "Librarian of Congress" in lieu of "Copyright
Royalty Tribunal" or "Tribunal," where appropriate, and by inserting
"Librarian's" in lieu of "its." Pub. L. No. 103-198, 107 Stat. 2304,
That Act, which established copyright arbitration royalty panels,states that "[a]ll royalty rates and all determinations with respect to
the proportionate division of compulsory license fees among copyright
claimants, whether made by the Copyright Royalty Tribunal, or by
voluntary agreement, before the effective date set forth in subsection
(a) [December 17, 1993] shall remain in effect until modified by
voluntary agreement or pursuant to the amendments made by this Act."
Pub. L. No. 103-198, 107 Stat. 2304, 2313.
Chapter 11 [1]
Sound Recordings and Music Videos
Unauthorized fixation and trafficking in sound recordings and
music videos
Section 1101. Unauthorized fixation and trafficking in sound recordings and
music videos
(a) Unauthorized Acts. Anyone who, without the consent of the performer
or performers involved-
(1) fixes the sounds or sounds and images of a live musical performance
in a copy or phonorecord, or reproduces copies or phonorecords of such a
performance from an unauthorized fixation,
(2) transmits or otherwise communicates to the public the sounds or
sounds and images of a live musical performance, or
(3) distributes or offers to distribute, sells or offers to sell, rents
or offers to rent, or traffics in any copy or phonorecord fixed as
described in paragraph (1), regardless of whether the fixations occurred
in the United States,
shall be subject to the remedies provided in sections 502 through 505,
to the same extent as an infringer of copyright.
(b) Definition. As used in this section, the term "traffic in" means
transport, transfer, or otherwise dispose of, to another, as
consideration for anything of value, or make or obtain control of with
intent to transport, transfer, or dispose of.
(c) Applicability. This section shall apply to any act or acts that
occur on or after the date of the enactment of the Uruguay Round
Agreements Act.
(d) State Law Not Preempted. Nothing in this section may be construed to
annul or limit any rights or remedies under the common law or statutes
of any State.
Chapter 11 Endnote
1 In 1994, the Uruguay Round Agreements Act added chapter 11, entitled
"Sound Recordings and Music Videos," to title 17. Pub. L. No. 103-465,
108 Stat. 4809, 4974.
Chapter 12 [1] Copyright Protection and Management Systems
Circumvention of copyright protection systems Integrity of copyright management information Civil remedies Criminal offenses and penalties Savings clauseSection 1201. Circumvention of copyright protection systems [2]
(a) Violations Regarding Circumvention of Technological Measures. (1)(A)
No person shall circumvent a technological measure that effectively
controls access to a work protected under
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