U.S.A. Copyright Law, Library of Congress. Copyright Office [reading diary TXT] 📗
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violation of paragraph (2) of this subsection shall be deemed an "act of
circumvention" for the purposes of section 1203(c)(3)(A) of this
chapter.
Section 1202. Integrity of copyright management information [3]
(a) False Copyright Management Information. No person shall knowingly
and with the intent to induce, enable, facilitate, or conceal
infringement-
(1) provide copyright management information that is false, or
(2) distribute or import for distribution copyright management
information that is false.
(b) Removal or Alteration of Copyright Management Information. No person
shall, without the authority of the copyright owner or the law-
(1) intentionally remove or alter any copyright management information,
(2) distribute or import for distribution copyright management
information knowing that the copyright management information has been
removed or altered without authority of the copyright owner or the law,
or
(3) distribute, import for distribution, or publicly perform works,
copies of works, or phonorecords, knowing that copyright management
information has been removed or altered without authority of the
copyright owner or the law,
knowing, or, with respect to civil remedies under section 1203, having
reasonable grounds to know, that it will induce, enable, facilitate, or
conceal an infringement of any right under this title.
(c) Definition. As used in this section, the term "copyright management
information" means any of the following information conveyed in
connection with copies or phonorecords of a work or performances or
displays of a work, including in digital form, except that such term
does not include any personally identifying information about a user of
a work or of a copy, phonorecord, performance, or display of a work:
(1) The title and other information identifying the work, including the
information set forth on a notice of copyright.
(2) The name of, and other identifying information about, the author of
a work.
(3) The name of, and other identifying information about, the copyright
owner of the work, including the information set forth in a notice of
copyright.
(4) With the exception of public performances of works by radio and
television broadcast stations, the name of, and other identifying
information about, a performer whose performance is fixed in a work
other than an audiovisual work.
(5) With the exception of public performances of works by radio and
television broadcast stations, in the case of an audiovisual work, the
name of, and other identifying information about, a writer, performer,
or director who is credited in the audiovisual work.
(6) Terms and conditions for use of the work.
(7) Identifying numbers or symbols referring to such information or
links to such information.
(8) Such other information as the Register of Copyrights may prescribe
by regulation, except that the Register of Copyrights may not require
the provision of any information concerning the user of a copyrighted
work.
(d) Law Enforcement, Intelligence, and Other Government Activities. This
section does not prohibit any lawfully authorized investigative,
protective, information security, or intelligence activity of an
officer, agent, or employee of the United States, a State, or a
political subdivision of a State, or a person acting pursuant to a
contract with the United States, a State, or a political subdivision of
a State. For purposes of this subsection, the term "information
security" means activities carried out in order to identify and address
the vulnerabilities of a government computer, computer system, or
computer network.
(e) Limitations on Liability.
(1) Analog Transmissions. In the case of an analog transmission, a
person who is making transmissions in its capacity as a broadcast
station, or as a cable system, or someone who provides programming to
such station or system, shall not be liable for a violation of
subsection (b) if-
(A) avoiding the activity that constitutes such violation is not
technically feasible or would create an undue financial hardship on such
person; and
(B) such person did not intend, by engaging in such activity, to induce,
enable, facilitate, or conceal infringement of a right under this title.
(2) Digital Transmissions.
(A) If a digital transmission standard for the placement of copyright
management information for a category of works is set in a voluntary,
consensus standard-setting process involving a representative cross-
section of broadcast stations or cable systems and copyright owners of a
category of works that are intended for public performance by such
stations or systems, a person identified in paragraph (1) shall not be
liable for a violation of subsection (b) with respect to the particular
copyright management information addressed by such standard if-
(i) the placement of such information by someone other than such person
is not in accordance with such standard; and
(ii) the activity that constitutes such violation is not intended to
induce, enable, facilitate, or conceal infringement of a right under
this title.
(B) Until a digital transmission standard has been set pursuant to
subparagraph (A) with respect to the placement of copyright management
information for a category of works, a person identified in paragraph
(1) shall not be liable for a violation of subsection (b) with respect
to such copyright management information, if the activity that
constitutes such violation is not intended to induce, enable,
facilitate, or conceal infringement of a right under this title, and if-
(i) the transmission of such information by such person would result in
a perceptible visual or aural degradation of the digital signal; or
(ii) the transmission of such information by such person would conflict
with-
(I) an applicable government regulation relating to transmission of
information in a digital signal;
(II) an applicable industry-wide standard relating to the transmission
of information in a digital signal that was adopted by a voluntary
consensus standards body prior to the effective date of this chapter; or
(III) an applicable industry-wide standard relating to the transmission
of information in a digital signal that was adopted in a voluntary,
consensus standards-setting process open to participation by a
representative cross-section of broadcast stations or cable systems and
copyright owners of a category of works that are intended for public
performance by such stations or systems.
(3) Definitions. As used in this subsection-
(A) the term "broadcast station" has the meaning given that term in
section 3 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 153); and
(B) the term "cable system" has the meaning given that term in section
602 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 522).
Section 1203. Civil remedies [5]
(a) Civil Actions. Any person injured by a violation of section 1201 or
1202 may bring a civil action in an appropriate United States district
court for such violation.
(b) Powers of the Court. In an action brought under subsection (a), the
court-
(1) may grant temporary and permanent injunctions on such terms as it
deems reasonable to prevent or restrain a violation, but in no event
shall impose a prior restraint on free speech or the press protected
under the 1st amendment to the Constitution;
(2) at any time while an action is pending, may order the impounding, on
such terms as it deems reasonable, of any device or product that is in
the custody or control of the alleged violator and that the court has
reasonable cause to believe was involved in a violation;
(3) may award damages under subsection (c);
(4) in its discretion may allow the recovery of costs by or against any
party other than the United States or an officer thereof;
(5) in its discretion may award reasonable attorney's fees to the
prevailing party; and
(6) may, as part of a final judgment or decree finding a violation,
order the remedial modification or the destruction of any device or
product involved in the violation that is in the custody or control of
the violator or has been impounded under paragraph (2).
(c) Award of Damages.
(1) In General. Except as otherwise provided in this title, a person
committing a violation of section 1201 or 1202 is liable for either-
(A) the actual damages and any additional profits of the violator, as
provided in paragraph (2), or
(B) statutory damages, as provided in paragraph (3).
(2) Actual Damages. The court shall award to the complaining party the
actual damages suffered by the party as a result of the violation, and
any profits of the violator that are attributable to the violation and
are not taken into account in computing the actual damages, if the
complaining party elects such damages at any time before final judgment
is entered.
(3) Statutory Damages. (A) At any time before final judgment is entered,
a complaining party may elect to recover an award of statutory damages
for each violation of section 1201 in the sum of not less than $200 or
more than $2,500 per act of circumvention, device, product, component,
offer, or performance of service, as the court considers just.
(B) At any time before final judgment is entered, a complaining party
may elect to recover an award of statutory damages for each violation of
section 1202 in the sum of not less than $2,500 or more than $25,000.
(4) Repeated Violations. In any case in which the injured party sustains
the burden of proving, and the court finds, that a person has violated
section 1201 or 1202 within three years after a final judgment was
entered against the person for another such violation, the court may
increase the award of damages up to triple the amount that would
otherwise be awarded, as the court considers just.
(5) Innocent Violations.
(A) In General. The court in its discretion may reduce or remit the
total award of damages in any case in which the violator sustains the
burden of proving, and the court finds, that the violator was not aware
and had no reason to believe that its acts constituted a violation.
(B) Nonprofit Library, Archives, Educational Institutions, or Public
Broadcasting Entities.
(i) Definition. In this subparagraph, the term "public broadcasting
entity" has the meaning given such term under section 118(g).
(ii) In general. In the case of a nonprofit library, archives,
educational institution, or public broadcasting entity, the court shall
remit damages in any case in which the library, archives, educational
institution, or public broadcasting entity sustains the burden of
proving, and the court finds, that the library, archives, educational
institution, or public broadcasting entity was not aware and had no
reason to believe that its acts constituted a violation.
Section 1204. Criminal offenses and penalties [5]
(a) In General. Any person who violates section 1201 or 1202 willfully
and for purposes of commercial advantage or private financial gain-
(1) shall be fined not more than $500,000 or imprisoned for not more
than 5 years, or both, for the first offense; and
(2) shall be fined not more than $1,000,000 or imprisoned for not more
than 10 years, or both, for any subsequent offense.
(b) Limitation for Nonprofit Library, Archives, Educational Institution,
or Public Broadcasting Entity. Subsection (a) shall not apply to a
nonprofit library, archives, educational institution, or public
broadcasting entity (as defined under section 118(g)).
(c) Statute of Limitations. No criminal proceeding shall be brought
under this section unless such proceeding is commenced within five years
after the cause of action arose.
Section 1205. Savings clause
Nothing in this chapter abrogates, diminishes, or weakens the provisions
of, nor provides any defense or element of mitigation in a criminal
prosecution or civil action under, any Federal or State law that
prevents the violation of the privacy of an individual in connection
with the individual's use of the Internet.
Chapter 12 Endnotes
1 The WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties
Implementation Act of 1998 added chapter 12, entitled "Copyright
Protection and Management Systems," to title 17. Pub. L. No. 105-304,
112 Stat. 2860, 2863. The WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms
Treaties Implementation Act of 1998 is title I of the Digital Millennium
Copyright Act. Pub. L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860.
2 The Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act of 1999
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