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in France, 21 July 1943; Klarsfeld, Vichy, 545 ff.

137. On the history of the Italian Jews under Fascism see Susan Zuccotti, The Italians

and the Holocaust: Persecution, Rescue and Survival (New York, 1987); Michaelis,

Mussolini.

138. Himmler’s note about his visit to Mussolini on 11–14 Oct. 1942, published in Helmut

Krausnick, ‘Himmler über seinen Besuch bei Mussolini’, VfZ 4 (1956), 423–6.

139. The different attitudes towards the ‘Jewish question’ are examined in detail in Steinberg, All or Nothing.

140. Müller to Bergmann AA, 25 Feb. 1943 with a quotation from Himmler’s letter to

Ribbentrop, 29 Jan. 1943, published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 495 ff.

141. ND NG 4956, Teleprinter message from the special train Westphalia to Wolf; Reply

from Abteilung Deutschland, 24 Feb. 1943.

142. Sztojay to Horthy, 28 Apr. 1943, published in Eichmann in Ungarn. Dokumente, ed.

Jenó Levai, (Budapest, 1961), 61 ff.

143. Message to Knochen, 24 May 1943 CDJC, XLVIIIa-24, Klarsfeld, Vichy, 528.

144. Best’s letters to AA, 13 Jan. 1943, PAA, Inland II g 184 (ADAP E V, 39). Shortly before, Best had discussed the situation with Luther and Rademacher in Berlin after Luther

had decided to postpone further measures for the time being. PAA, Inland II g 184,

note by Rademacher of 23 Dec. 1942. On these events see Herbert, Best, 361–2;

Browning, Final Solution, 160–1.

145. Report by Best of 24 Apr. 1942, ibid., ADAP E V, no. 344.

146. Luther to Ribbentrop, 28 Jan. 1943 and Ribbentrop’s marginal notes on this document

of 1 Feb. 1943 (PAA, Inland II g 184). Himmler decided in June that ‘provisional Jewish

566

Notes to pages 397–402

measures in Denmark should be suspended until he issues a new order on this

question’; ibid., Wagner to Kaltenbrunner, 30 June 1943.

147. Best to Himmler, 22 Aug. 1943, BAB, NS 19/3302; cf. Herbert, Best, 351; further

Telegram to AA, 30 Aug. 1943, ADAP E VI, 259.

148. Telegram from Ribbentrop (Führerhauptquartier) to Best, 31 Aug./1 Sept. 1943, PAA,

Inland II g 184, ADAP E VI, 268.

149. PAA, Inland II g 184, Telegram of 31 Aug. 1943, ADAP E VI, 259, note 4.

150. Report by Best, 6 September, PAA, Inland II g 184, ADAP E VI, 282; Herbert, Best, 358.

151. PAA, Inland II g 184 (ADAP E VI, 287). On the interpretation of the telegram see esp.

Herbert, Best, 362 ff. Best aimed for the right of command over all police troops in

Denmark, and wanted to set up a special court with himself at its head. See telegram to

AA, 1 Sept. 1943, ADAP E VI, 271.

152. Ribbentrop’s ‘note for the Führer’, 23 Sept. 1943, ADAP E VI, 344.

153. As Best put it in his telegram of v. 5 Oct. 1942.

154. Telegram to AA, 20 Sept. 1943, ADAP E VI, 332.

155. For greater details see Leni Yahil, The Rescue of Danish Jewry (Philadelphia, 1983), 223 ff. Gunnar S. Paulsson, ‘ “The Bridge over Oeresund”. The Historiography on the

Expulsion of the Jews from Nazi-Occupied Denmark’ in Journal of Contemporary

History 30 (1995), 431–64, and (ibid., 465–79) the reply by Hans Kirchhoff, ‘Denmark:

A Light in the Darkness of the Holocaust? A Reply to Gunnars S. Paulsson’. See also

Hans Kirchhoff, ‘ The Rescue of the Danish Jews in October 1943’ in David Bankier

and Israel Gutman eds, Nazi Europe and the Final Solution (Jerusalem, 2003), 539–55.

156. PAA, Inland II g 184, telegram 5 Oct. 1942.

157. Fröhlich, Die Tagebücher, Teil II, Band 4, 4 June 1942, p. 444; ibid., Band 12, 11 May 1944, p. 270.

158. Ibid., Band 6, 13 Dec. 1942, p. 439; ibid., Band 9, 7 Aug. 1943, pp. 231–2; ibid., Band 11, 14

Jan. 1944, pp. 87–8.

159. Ibid., Band 8, 30 May 1943, p. 22; ibid., Band 13, 23 Aug. 1944, pp. 295–6.

160. Ibid., Band 8, 21 Mar. 1943.

161. Ibid., Band 7, 2 Mar. 1943, p. 454.

162. In the case of Bulgaria, the Western powers expressly made the signing of the ceasefire with Bulgaria in September 1944 dependent on the repeal of the Bulgarian anti-Semitic

laws. Baruch, Freikauf, 159 ff. See also pp. 148–9, according to which there were

indications that the American side, in their first probings concerning the withdrawal

of Bulgaria from the Axis, raised the issue of Bulgaria’s policy towards the Jews

163. On the persecution of the Jews in Italy after September 1943 see Lliana Picciotto

Fargion, ‘Italien’, in Benz, ed., Dimension, 199–227; Michaelis, Mussolini, 342 ff.; Lutz Klinkhammer, Zwischen Bündnis und Besetzung. Das nationalsozialistische Deutschland und die Republik von Saló (Tübingen, 1993), 530 ff.

164. On Dannecker’s work in Italy see Steuer, Dannecker, 113 ff.

165. Presentation note by Wagner, 4 Dec. 1943, PAA, Inland II g 192, in ADAP E VII, 111.

166. Ibid.

167. Michaelis, Mussolini, 388–9.

168. Fargion, ‘Italien’, 206 and 222–3.

169. On this see Fleischer, ‘Griechenland’, 260 ff.

Notes to pages 402–407

567

170. See the memoirs of Errikos Sevillias, Athens-Auschwitz (Athens, 1983). In April there was also a corresponding ‘action’ in Albania, in which around 300 Jews were arrested

and deported via Belgrade to Bergen-Belsen. See Gerhard Grimm, ‘Albanien’, in Benz,

ed., Dimension 227.

171. Fleischer, ‘Griechenland’, 265 ff.

172. Sundhausen, ‘Jugoslawien’, 325.

173. On German Judenpolitik in France after the collapse of Italy see Klarsfeld, Vichy, 276 ff.; Steinberg, All or Nothing, 163; Zuccotti, Holocaust, 180 ff.; Poznanski, Jews, 390 ff.

174. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 278 ff.; Zuccotti, Holocaust, 181 ff.

175. See pp. 392 ff.

176. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 289.

177. Ibid. 298 ff.; Zuccotti, Holocaust, 190 ff.

178. On the government reshuffle see Eberhard Jäckel, Frankreich in Hitlers Europa. Die

deutsche Frankreichpolitik im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Stuttgart, 1966), 293–4.

179. CDJC, CXXXII-56, Klarsfeld, Vichy, 574 ff.; Zuccotti, Holocaust, 197 ff.

180. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 320. Slightly different figures quoted in the literature may be found in Juliane Wetzel, ‘Frankreich und Belgien’, in Benz, ed., Dimension, 132–3.

181. Hilberg, Destruction, 699 f.

182. Ladislav Lipscher, Die Juden im slowakischen Staat 1939–1945 (Munich, 1979), 114.

183. NG 4407, 29 June 1943.

184. Lipscher, Juden, 137 ff.; Gilda Fatran, ‘Die Deportation der Juden aus der Slowakei’, Bohemia 37 (1996), 98–119, 98–9; Tatjana Tönsmeyer, ‘Die Einsatzgruppe H in der

Slowakei in Finis Mundi—Endzeiten und Weltenden im östlichen Europa’, in Joachim

Hösler and Wolfgang Hösler, eds, Festschrift für Hans Lemberg zum 65. Geburtstag

(Stuttgart, 1998), 167–88.

185. 21 July 1943, ND NG 4749.

186. Report by Veesenmayer, 22 Dec. 1943, ND NG 4651; see also Statement by Wisliceny,

ND NG 1823.

187. Hilberg, Destruction, 789 f.

188. Lipscher,