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take over the camps in a

discussion held on 7 Sept. 1943 (note from Pohl on the same day, ND NO 599, published

in Faschismus, ed. Berenstein et al., no. 370, pp. 459–60.

19. ND NO 1036, Minute of 19 Jan. 1944 betr. die Umwandlung der Zwangsarbeitslager der

SSPF in KZ.

20. BAB, NS 19/1740, 11 June 1943., Himmler to Pohl and Kaltenbrunner. Himmler speci-

fied that ‘a large park be laid out’ on the area of the former ghetto.

21. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 348 ff.; Schulte, ‘Zwangsarbert’, 59.

22. BAB, NS 19/1571, Himmler’s, order of 5 July 1943; after objections from Pohl and

Globobnik Himmler withdrew his order on 20 July 1943 (letter from Brandt, 20 July

1943, ibid.), but on 24 July 1943 he renewed his instruction.

23. By September 1943 he distanced himself from this order again, but in December he

renewed it.

24. Faschismus, ed. Berenstein et al., no. 290, pp. 369–70, letter from Greiser to Pohl, 14 Feb.

1944. Reference is also made there to Himmler’s order of 11 June 1942, the original of

which has disappeared. In greater detail, see Michael Alberti, Die Verfolgung und

Vernichtung der Juden im Reichsgau Wartheland, 1939–1945 (Wiesbaden, 2006), 472 ff.

25. Alberti, Verfolgung, 473–4.

26. Ibid. 481 ff.

Notes to pages 381–383

561

27. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, article on Bialystok. On the history of this see Sara

Bender, ‘From Underground to Armed Struggle—The Resistance Movement in the

Bialystok Ghetto’, YVS 23 (1993), 145–71; Bender, Jews, 243 ff.

28. Arad, Belzec, 396; Sara Bender, ‘The “Reinhardt Action” in the Bialystok District’, in Freia Anders et al., Bialystok in Bielefeld. Nationalsozialistische Verbrechen vor dem

Landgericht Bielefeld, 1958 bis 1967 (Bielefeld, 2003), 204 ff.

29. Gunnar S. Paulsson, Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940–1945 (New Haven

and London, 2002), esp. table, p. 57 and summary of the results, pp. 231 ff.

30. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 363 ff.

31. Ibid. 362; a few such cases are described in memoirs: thus, for example, Helene Kaplan managed to reach Oberammergau (Helene Kaplan, I never left Janowska (New York,

1991)); Stefan Szende reached Norway with Organisation Todt and escaped from there

to Sweden (Stefan Sender, Der letzte Jude aus Polen (Zurich, 1945)). Binca Rosenberg,

who lived in the ghetto of Kolomyja, assumed a false identity in 1943 and survived the

end of the war as a waitress in Heidelberg (Binca Rosenberg, Versuch zu überleben . . .

Polen 1941–1945 (Frankfurt a. M., 1996)).

32. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 368 ff.

33. Krakowski, War, 11.

34. Christopher Browning, ‘ “Judenjagd”: Die Schlussphase der “Endlösung” in Polen’, in

Jürgen Matthäus and Klaus-Michael Mallmann, eds, Deutsche, Juden, Völkermord. Der

Holocaust in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Darmstadt, 2006), 177–89, points out, on the

basis of contemporary reports, that the police in the General Government routinely

killed a large number of people who had escaped the ghettos. But it was only from

summer 1943 onwards that these ‘Jew-hunts’ became the focus of police work.

35. Pohl, Lublin, 168 ff.

36. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 371 ff.

37. Order by the SSPF, 13 Mar. 1943, published in Faschismus, ed. Berenson et al., no. 275, p. 352. On the practice in the district of Lublin see also: Pohl, Lublin, 168 ff., Musial, Zivilverwaltung, 308 ff. The procedure was similar in the district of Galicia: Pohl,

Ostgalizien, 366.

38. On Treblinka und Sobibor see Ainsztein, Widerstand, 396 ff.

39. Helge Grabitz and Wolfgang Scheffler, Letzte Spuren: Ghetto Warschau, SS-Arbeitslager Trawniki, Aktion ‘Erntefest’, 2nd edn (Berlin, 1993), 328 ff.

40. Pohl, Lublin, 168–9.

41. Schulte, ‘Zwangsarbeit’, 69.

42. ND PS-1919.

43. ND NO 1831, Minute of the meeting of 20 Aug. 1943 concerning Reich labour deploy-

ment issues with special reference to the conditions in the occupied territories, which

took place on 13 July 1943.

44. On the following see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 733 ff.

45. Cf. pp. 237 f.

46. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 733 ff.

47. BAB, NS 2/83, 13 Aug. 1943, RFSS concerning Jewish labour deployment in the occupied

East; NOKW 2386, Kriegstagebuch Oberkommando 3. Panzer-Armee, Quartiermeister

2, 4 Nov. 1943; cf. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 739.

562

Notes to pages 383–386

48. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 739; Jakow Suchowolskij, ‘Es gab weder Schutz noch

Erlösung, weder Sicherheit noch Rettung. Jüdischer Widerstand und de Untergang

des Ghettos Glubokoje’, Dachauer Hefte (2004), 11–38; on Glebokie see also Gerlach,

Kalkulierte Morde, 739.

49. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 739–40.

50. Ibid. 741 ff.

51. OS, 504-2-8. On this in detail see Angrick and Klein, Endlösung, 382 ff.

52. ND NO 2403. Participants in this meeting, apart from Bach-Zelewski, included the

HSSPF Russia North, Prützmann, the HSSPF East, Krüger, the head of the RSHA,

Kaltenbrunner, the director of the WVHA, Pohl, and the head of the Command Staff of

the RFSS, Knoblauch.

53. Angrick and Klein, Endlösung, 381 ff.

54. Scheffler, ‘Schicksal’, 39.

55. Angrick and Klein, Endlösung, 401.

56. Avraham Tory, Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary, ed. Martin Gilbert,

(Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1990), 468 ff.; Alfred Streim, ‘Konzentrationslager auf

dem Gebiet der Sojetunion’, Dachauer Hefte 5 (1989), 176; Enzyklopädie des Holocausts,

Article ‘Kowno’.

57. Yitzhak Arad, Ghetto in Flames: The Struggle and Destruction of the Jews in Vilna in the Holocaust (New York, 1981), 355 ff.

58. Ibid. 401 ff.

59. Streim, ‘Konzentrationslager’, 177–8; Enzyklopädie des Holocaust, article ‘Vaivara’.

60. Corni, Hitlers Ghettos, 308–9; Tory, Surviving the Holocaust.

61. Ainszstein, Widerstand, 236 ff.; Arad, Ghetto in Flames, 373 ff.

62. Dov Levin examines these ghettos in his study Fighting Back: Lithuanian Jewrys’s

Armed Resistance to the Nazis 1941–1945 (New York and London, 1997). He also deals

with the ghettos of Vilnius (Wilna) and Kaunas (Kovno).

63. Ibid. 174–5.

64. Enzyklopädie des Holocaust, article on Riga.

65. Gruner, Arbeitseinsatz, 311 ff.

66. Adler, Verwaltete Mensch, 224 ff. The Berlin action was linked with the resettlement of ethnic Germans from the region of Lodz to Zamosz in the district of Lublin; some of

the Poles resident there were to have been deported to the Reich to replace the Jewish

workers deported from there. See Bruno Wasser, Himmlers Raumplanung im Osten;

der Generalplan Ost in Polen 1940–1944 (Basle, 1993), 135 ff.

67. See Wolf Gruner, Widerstand in der Rosenstrasse. Die Fabrik-Aktion und die Verfol-

gung der ‘Mischehen’ 1943 (Frankfurt a. M., 2005) which corrects Nathan Stolzfuß,

Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstraße Protest in Nazi Germany

(New Brunswick, NJ, 2001). Significantly, in his diary entry for 11 Mar. 1943 Goebbels

regretted the arrest of ‘Jews, male and female, from privileged marriages’, which had led to ‘fear and confusion’. See Elke Fröhlich, ed., Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels. Teil II: Diktate