The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection (6th ed), Charles Darwin [the beginning after the end read novel .TXT] 📗
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SARCODE.—The gelatinous material of which the bodies of the lowest animals (Protozoa) are composed.
SCUTELLAE.—The horny plates with which the feet of birds are generally more or less covered, especially in front.
SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS.—Rocks deposited as sediments from water.
SEGMENTS.—The transverse rings of which the body of an articulate animal or annelid is composed.
SEPALS.—The leaves or segments of the calyx, or outermost envelope of an ordinary flower. They are usually green, but sometimes brightly coloured.
SERRATURES.—Teeth like those of a saw.
SESSILE.—Not supported on a stem or footstalk.
SILURIAN SYSTEM.—A very ancient system of fossiliferous rocks belonging to the earlier part of the Palaeozoic series.
SPECIALISATION.—The setting apart of a particular organ for the performance of a particular function.
SPINAL CORD.—The central portion of the nervous system in the Vertebrata, which descends from the brain through the arches of the vertebrae, and gives off nearly all the nerves to the various organs of the body.
STAMENS.—The male organs of flowering plants, standing in a circle within the petals. They usually consist of a filament and an anther, the anther being the essential part in which the pollen, or fecundating dust, is formed.
STERNUM.—The breast-bone.
STIGMA.—The apical portion of the pistil in flowering plants.
STIPULES.—Small leafy organs placed at the base of the footstalks of the leaves in many plants.
STYLE.—The middle portion of the perfect pistil, which rises like a column from the ovary and supports the stigma at its summit.
SUBCUTANEOUS.—Situated beneath the skin.
SUCTORIAL.—Adapted for sucking.
SUTURES (in the skull).—The lines of junction of the bones of which the skull is composed.
TARSUS (pl. TARSI).—The jointed feet of articulate animals, such as insects.
TELEOSTEAN FISHES.—Fishes of the kind familiar to us in the present day, having the skeleton usually completely ossified and the scales horny.
TENTACULA or TENTACLES.—Delicate fleshy organs of prehension or touch possessed by many of the lower animals.
TERTIARY.—The latest geological epoch, immediately preceding the establishment of the present order of things.
TRACHEA.—The windpipe or passage for the admission of air to the lungs.
TRIDACTYLE.—Three-fingered, or composed of three movable parts attached to a common base.
TRILOBITES.—A peculiar group of extinct crustaceans, somewhat resembling the woodlice in external form, and, like some of them, capable of rolling themselves up into a ball. Their remains are found only in the Palaeozoic rocks, and most abundantly in those of Silurian age.
TRIMORPHIC.—Presenting three distinct forms.
UMBELLIFERAE.—An order of plants in which the flowers, which contain five stamens and a pistil with two styles, are supported upon footstalks which spring from the top of the flower stem and spread out like the wires of an umbrella, so as to bring all the flowers in the same head (UMBEL) nearly to the same level. (Examples, parsley and carrot.) UNGULATA.—Hoofed quadrupeds.
UNICELLULAR.—Consisting of a single cell.
VASCULAR.—Containing blood-vessels.
VERMIFORM.—Like a worm.
VERTEBRATA or VERTEBRATE ANIMALS.—The highest division of the animal kingdom, so called from the presence in most cases of a backbone composed of numerous joints or VERTEBRAE, which constitutes the centre of the skeleton and at the same time supports and protects the central parts of the nervous system.
WHORLS.—The circles or spiral lines in which the parts of plants are arranged upon the axis of growth.
WORKERS.—See neuters.
ZOEA-STAGE.—The earliest stage in the development of many of the higher Crustacea, so called from the name of ZOEA applied to these young animals when they were supposed to constitute a peculiar genus.
ZOOIDS.—In many of the lower animals (such as the Corals, Medusae, etc.) reproduction takes place in two ways, namely, by means of eggs and by a process of budding with or without separation from the parent of the product of the latter, which is often very different from that of the egg.
The individuality of the species is represented by the whole of the form produced between two sexual reproductions; and these forms, which are apparently individual animals, have been called ZOOIDE.
INDEX.
Aberrant groups
Abyssinia, plants of
Acclimatisation
Adoxa
Affinities of extinct species
—of organic beings
Agassiz on Amblyopsis
—on groups of species suddenly appearing —on prophetic forms
—on embryological succession
—on the Glacial period
—on embryological characters
—on the latest tertiary forms
—on parallelism of embryological development and geological succession —Alex., on pedicellariae
Algae of New Zealand
Alligators, males, fighting
Alternate generations
Amblyopsis, blind fish
America, North, productions allied to those of Europe —boulders and glaciers of
—South, no modern formations on west coast Ammonites, sudden extinction of
Anagallis, sterility of
Analogy of variations
Andaman Islands inhabited by a toad
Ancylus
Animals, not domesticated from being variable —domestic; descended from several stocks —acclimatisation of
Animals of Australia
—with thicker fur in cold climates
—blind, in caves
—extinct, of Australia
Anomma
Antarctic islands, ancient flora of
Antechinus
Ants attending aphides
—slave-making instinct
—neuters, structure of
Apes, not having acquired intellectual powers Aphides attended by ants
Aphis, development of
Apteryx
Arab horses
Aralo-Caspian Sea
Archeopteryx
Archiac, M. de, on the succession of species Artichoke, Jerusalem
Ascension, plants of
Asclepias, pollen of
Asparagus
Aspicarpa
Asses, striped
—improved by selection
Ateuchus
Aucapitaine, on land-shells
Audubon, on habits of frigate-bird
—on variation in birds’ nests
—on heron eating seeds
Australia, animals of
—dogs of
—extinct animals of
—European plants in
—glaciers of
Azara, on flies destroying cattle
Azores, flora of
Babington, Mr., on British plants
Baer, Von, standard of Highness
—comparison of bee and fish
—embryonic similarity of the Vertebrata Baker, Sir S., on the giraffe
Balancement of growth
Baleen
Barberry, flowers of
Barrande, M., on Silurian colonies
—on the succession of species
—on parallelism of palaeozoic formations —on affinities of ancient species
Barriers, importance of
Bates, Mr., on mimetic butterflies
Batrachians on islands
Bats, how structure acquired
—distribution of
Bear, catching water-insects
Beauty, how acquired
Bee, sting of
—queen, killing rivals
—Australian, extermination of
Bees, fertilizing flowers
—hive, not sucking the red clover
—hive, cell-making instinct
—Ligurian
—variation in habits
Bees, parasitic
—humble, cells of
Beetles, wingless, in Madeira
—with deficient tarsi
Bentham, Mr., on British plants
—on classification
Berkeley, Mr., on seeds in salt-water
Bermuda, birds of
Birds acquiring fear
—beauty of
—annually cross the Atlantic
—colour of, on continents
—footsteps, and remains of, in secondary rocks —fossil, in caves of Brazil
—of Madeira, Bermuda, and Galapagos
—song of males
—transporting seeds
—waders
—wingless
Bizcacha, affinities of
Bladder for swimming, in fish
Blindness of cave animals
Blyth, Mr., on distinctness of Indian cattle —on striped Hemionus
—on crossed geese
Borrow, Mr., on the Spanish pointer
Bory St. Vincent, on Batrachians
Bosquet, M., on fossil Chthamalus
Boulders, erratic, on the Azores
Branchiae
—of crustaceans
Braun, Prof., on the seeds of Fumariaceae Brent, Mr., on house-tumblers
Britain, mammals of
Broca, Prof., on Natural Selection
Bronn, Prof., on duration of specific forms —various objections by
Brown, Robert, on classification
Brown-Sequard, on inherited mutilations
Busk, Mr., on the Polyzoa
Butterflies, mimetic
Buzareingues, on sterility of varieties
Cabbage, varieties of, crossed
Calceolaria
Canary-birds, sterility of hybrids
Cape de Verde Islands, productions of
—plants of, on mountains
Cape of Good Hope, plants of
Carpenter, Dr., on foraminifera
Carthemus
Catasetum
Cats, with blue eyes, deaf
—variation in habits of
—curling tail when going to spring
Cattle destroying fir-trees
—destroyed by flies in Paraguay
—breeds of, locally extinct
—fertility of Indian and European breeds —Indian
Cave, inhabitants of, blind
Cecidomyia
Celts, proving antiquity of man
Centres of creation
Cephalopodae, structures of eyes
—development of
Cercopithecus, tail of
Ceroxylus laceratus
Cervulus
Cetacea, teeth and hair
—development of the whalebone
Cetaceans
Ceylon, plants of
Chalk formation
Characters, divergence of
—sexual, variable
—adaptive or analogical
Charlock
Checks to increase
—mutual
Chelae of Crustaceans
Chickens, instinctive tameness of
Chironomus, its asexual reproduction
Chthamalinae
Chthamalus, cretacean species of
Circumstances favourable to selection of domestic products —to natural selection
Cirripedes capable of crossing
—carapace aborted
—their ovigerous frena
—fossil
—larvae of
Claparede, Prof., on the hair-claspers of the Acaridae Clarke, Rev. W.B., on old glaciers in Australia Classification
Clift, Mr., on the succession of types
Climate, effects of, in checking increase of beings —adaptation of, to organisms
Climbing plants
—development of
Clover visited by bees
Cobites, intestine of
Cockroach
Collections, palaeontological, poor
Colour, influenced by climate
—in relation to attacks by flies
Columba livia, parent of domestic pigeons Colymbetes
Compensation of growth
Compositae, flowers and seeds of
—outer and inner florets of
—male flowers of
Conclusion, general
Conditions, slight changes in, favourable to fertility Convergence of genera
Coot
Cope, Prof., on the acceleration or retardation of the period of reproduction
Coral-islands, seeds drifted to
—reefs, indicating movements of earth
Corncrake
Correlated variation in domestic productions Coryanthes
Creation, single centres of
Crinum
Croll, Mr., on subaerial denudation
—on the age of our oldest formations
—on alternate Glacial periods in the North and South Crosses, reciprocal
Crossing of domestic animals, importance in altering breeds —advantages of
—unfavourable to selection
Cruger, Dr., on Coryanthes
Crustacea of New Zealand
Crustacean, blind
air-breathers
Crustaceans, their chelae
Cryptocerus
Ctenomys, blind
Cuckoo, instinct of
Cunningham, Mr., on the flight of the logger-headed duck Currants, grafts of
Currents of sea, rate of
Cuvier on conditions of existence
—on fossil monkeys
Cuvier, Fred., on instinct
Cyclostoma, resisting salt water
Dana, Prof., on blind cave-animals
—on relations of crustaceans of Japan
—on crustaceans of New Zealand
Dawson, Dr., on eozoon
De Candolle, Aug. Pyr., on struggle for existence —on umbelliferae
—on general affinities
De Candolle, Alph., on the variability of oaks —on low plants, widely dispersed
—on widely-ranging plants being variable —on naturalisation
—on winged seeds
—on Alpine species suddenly becoming rare —on distribution of plants with large seeds —on vegetation of Australia
—on fresh-water plants
—on insular plants
Degradation of rocks
Denudation, rate of
—of oldest rocks
—of granite areas
Development of ancient forms
Devonian system
Dianthus, fertility of crosses
Dimorphism in plants
Dirt on feet of birds
Dispersal, means of
—during Glacial period
Distribution, geographical
—means of
Disuse, effect of, under nature
Diversification of means for same general purpose Division, physiological, of labour
Divergence of character
Dog, resemblance of jaw to that of the Thylacinus Dogs, hairless, with imperfect teeth
—descended from several wild stocks
—domestic instincts of
—inherited civilisation of
—fertility of breeds together
—of crosses
—proportions of body in different breeds, when young Domestication, variation under
Double flowers
Downing, Mr., on fruit-trees in America
Dragon-flies, intestines of
Drift-timber
Driver-ant
Drones killed by other bees
Duck, domestic, wings of, reduced
—beak of
—logger-headed
Duckweed
Dugong, affinities of
Dung-beetles with deficient tarsi
Dyticus
Earl, Mr., W., on the Malay Archipelago
Ears, drooping, in domestic animals
—rudimentary
Earth, seeds in roots of trees
—charged with seeds
Echinodermata, their pedicellariae
Eciton
Economy of organisation
Edentata, teeth and hair
—fossil species of
Edwards, Milne, on physiological division of labour —on gradations of structure
Edwards, on embryological characters
Eggs, young birds escaping from
Egypt, productions of, not modified
Electric organs
Elephant, rate of increase
—of Glacial period
Embryology
Eozoon Canadense
Epilipsy inherited
Existence, struggle for
—condition of
Extinction, as bearing on natural selection —of domestic varieties
Eye, structure of
—correction for aberration
Eyes, reduced, in moles
Fabre, M., on hymenoptera fighting
—on parasitic sphex
—on Sitaris
Falconer, Dr., on naturalisation of plants in India —on elephants and mastodons
—and Cautley on mammals of sub-Himalayan beds Falkland Islands, wolf of
Faults
Faunas, marine
Fear, instinctive, in birds
Feet of birds, young molluscs adhering to Fertilisation variously effected
Fertility of hybrids
—from slight changes in conditions
—of crossed varieties
Fir-trees destroyed by cattle
—pollen of
Fish, flying
—teleostean, sudden appearance of
—eating seeds
—fresh-water, distribution of
Fishes, ganoid, now confined to fresh water —ganoid, living in fresh water
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