Criminal Psychology, Hans Gross [jenna bush book club .txt] 📗

regular attitude toward the consumption of alcohol is a safer guide. Hellenbach asserts that wine has always the same influence on the same individual; one always becomes more loquacious, another more silent, a third more sad, a fourth merrier. And up to a certain limit this is true, but there is always the question of what the limit is, inasmuch as many individuals pass through different emotional conditions at different stages. It often happens that a person in the first stage who wants to “embrace the world and kiss everybody,” may change his mood and become dangerous. Thus, anybody who has seen him several times in the first stage may make the mistake of believing that he <p 491>

can not pass it. In this direction explanations must be made very carefully if they are not to be false and deceptive.

 

It is important, also, to know how a man drinks. It is known that a small quantity of wine can intoxicate if it is soaked up with bread which is repeatedly dipped into the wine. Wine drunk in the cellar works with similar vigor if one laughs, is merry, is vexed, while drinking, or if a large variety of drinks is taken, or if they are taken on an empty stomach. For the various effects of alcohol, and for its effects on the same person under different conditions, see M<u:>nsterberg’s “Beitrage zur Experimentellen Psychologie,” Heft IV.

 

The effect of alcohol on memory is remarkable in so far as it often happens that many people lose their memory only with respect to a single very narrow sphere. Many are able to remember everything except their names, others everything except their residence, still others everything except the fact that they are married, and yet others every person except their friends (though they know all the policemen), and the last class are mistaken about their own identity.

These things are believed like many another thing, when told by a friend, but never under any circumstances when the defendant tells them in the court room.

 

Section 112. (c) Suggestion.

 

The problems of hypnotism and suggestion are too old to permit the mere mention of a few books, and are too new to permit the interpretation of the enormous literature. In my “Manual for Examining Judges,” I have already indicated the relation of the subject to criminal law, and the proper attitude of criminalists to it. Here we have only to bear in mind the problem of characteristic suggestion; the influence of the judge on the witnesses, the witnesses upon each other, the conditions upon the witnesses. And this influence, not through persuasion, imagination, citation, but through those still unexplained remote effects which may be best compared with “determining.” Suggestion is as widespread as language.

We receive suggestions through the stories of friends, through the examples of strangers, through our physical condition, through our food, through our small and large experiences. Our simplest actions may be due to suggestion and the whole world may appear subject to the suggestion of a single individual. As Emerson says somewhere, nature carries out a task by creating a genius for its accomplishment; if you follow the genius you will see what the world cares about.

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This multiple use of the word “suggestion” has destroyed its early intent. That made it equivalent to the term “suggestive question.” The older criminalists had a notion of the truth, and have rigorously limited the putting of suggestive questions. At the same time, Mittermaier knew that the questioner was frequently unable to avoid them and that many questions had to suggest their answers.

If, for example, a man wants to know whether A had made a certain statement in the course of a long conversation, he must ask, for good or evil, “Has A said that … ?”

 

Mittermaier’s attitude toward the problem shows that he had already seen twenty-five years ago that suggestive questions of this sort are the most harmless, and that the difficulty really lies in the fact that witnesses, experts, and judges are subject, especially in great and important cases, to the influence of public opinion, of newspapers, of their own experiences, and finally, of their own fancies, and hence give testimony and give judgments in a way less guided by the truth than by these influences.

 

This difficulty has been made clear by the Berchthold murder-trial in M<u:>nchen, in which the excellent psychiatrists Schrenck-Notzing and Grashey had their hands full in answering and avoiding questions about witnesses under the influence of suggestion.[1]

The development of this trial showed us the enormous influence of suggestion on witnesses, and again, how contradictory are the opinions concerning the determination of its value—whether it is to be determined by the physician or by the judge, and finally, how little we know about suggestion anyway. Everything is assigned to suggestion. In spite of the great literature we still have too little material, too few observations, and no scientifically certain inferences.

Tempting as it is to study the influence of suggestion upon our criminalistic work, it is best to wait and to give our attention mainly to observation, study, and the collection of material.[2]

 

[1] Schrenck-Notzing: <U:>ber Suggestion u. Errinerungsf<a:P>lsehung im Berehthold-Prozess. Leipzig 1897.

 

[2] 51. Dessoir Bibliographie des modernen Hypnotismus. Berlin 1890.

W. Hirsch: Die Mensehliche Verantwortlie it u. die moderne Suggestionslehre.

Berlin 1896.

L. Drucker: Die Suggestion u. Ihre forense Bedeutung. Vienna 1S93.

A. Cramer. Gerichtliche Psychiatrie. Jena 1897.

Berillon Les faux temoignages sugg<e’>r<e’>s. Rev. de l’hypnot. VI, 203.

C. de Lagrave: L’autosuggestion naturelle. Rev de I hypnot. XIV, 257.

B. Sidis: The Psychology of Suggestion.

 

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APPENDIX A.

 

Bibliography including texts more easily within the reach of English readers.

 

ABBOTT, A. Brief for the Trial of Criminal Causes. New York, 1889

2d ed., Rochester, 1902.

ABBOTT, B. V. Judgell and Jury. New York, 1880.

ANTONINI, G. Studi di psicopatologia forense. 1901.

ARCHER, T. The Pauper, the Thief and the Convict; Sketches of Names, Haunts and Habits. London, 1865,

ARNOLD, G. F. Psychology applied to Legal Evidence and other Constructions of Law. New York & Calcutta, 1906.

AsCHAFFENBURG, G. Das Verbrechen und seine Bekimpfung; Kriminalpsychologie f�r Mediziner, Juristen und Soziologen; ein Beitrag zur Reform der Strafgesetzgebung. Heidelberg, 1903; 9.d ed., 1906.

ASCHAFFENBURG, G., SCHULTZE, E., and WALLENBERG. Handbuch der gerichtlichen Psychiatrie. Berlin, 1901.

 

BATTAGLIA. La dinamica del delitto. Napoli, 1886.

BECK, T. R. and J. B. Elements of Medical Jurisprudence. 5th ed. Philadelphia, 1835. 7th ed., 1838. 10th ed., 1850. 11th ed., 1860. 12th ed., 1863.

BEGGS, T. Extent and Causes of Juvenile Depravity. London, 1849.

BELL, J. S. The Use and Abuse of Expert Testimony. Philadelphia, 1879.

BENEKE, H. F. Gefiingnisstudien -mit besonderer Berficksichtigung der Seelsorge im. Untersuchungsgefdngnis, Hamburg, 1903, BEST, W. M. Law of Evidence. Ist ed., London, 1849. 9d ed., 1855.

3d ed., 1860. 4th ed., 1866. 5th ed., by Russell, 1870. 6th ed., by Russell, 1875. 7th ed., by Lely, 1882. 8th ed., by Lely, 1893.

BEVILL, R. Homicide and Larceny. London, 1799.

BIDWELL, G. Forging his own Chains; the story of George Bidwell. Is9l.

BILLIOD, E. Wie Man stiehlt und mordet. Leipzig, 1906.

BLACKET, J. Social Diseases and Suggested Remedies. Stockwell, 1905.

BLASHFIELD, D. C. Instructions to Juries, Civil and Criminal. St. Paul, 1902.

BOONE, A. B. Increase of Crime and its Cause. Boston, 1872.

BRAGG, J. (ed. Ardill, G. E.). Confessions of a Thief. Sydney, N. S. W., 189-.

BRESLER. Greisenalter und Kriminalitht. Halle, 1907.

BROWN. The Dark Side of the Trial by Jury. London, 1859.

BROWNE, H. C. B. Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity. 2d ed., San Fran-cisco, 1875.

BUCHANAN, W. Juvenile Offenders. Remarks on the causes and state of juvenile crime in the metropolis; with hints for preventing its increase.

London,1867.

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BUCHNET. The Relation of Madness to Crime. New York, 1884.

BUCKHAM, T. R. Insanity considered in its medico-legal relations. Philadelphia, 1883.

BUCKNILL, J. C. Criminal Lunacy, Phil., 1856.

BUCKNILL, J. C. and TuKE, D. H. Psychological Medicine. 3d ed., London,1874.

BURRILL, A. M. Circumstantial Evidence. New York, 1868.

 

CAMPBELL, J. Experience of a Medical Officer in the English Convict Service.

London,1884.

CHAPPLE, W. A. The Fertility of the Unfit. Melbourne & London, 1903.

CHITTY, J. Practical Treatise on the Criminal Law. 2d Eng. ed., 4 vols., London, 1826.

 

Practical Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence. London, 1834; Philadelphia, 1836. (Part I only published.) CHRISTIAN. Crime of Medical Legislation. 1907.

CHRISTISON, J. S. Crime and Criminals. Chicago, 1897.

CHRISTISON, J. S. The Confessions of Ivins. Chicago, 1906.

CHRISTISON, R. Poisons. Qd ed., Edinburgh, 1832; Ist Amer. from 4th Eng. ed., Philadelphia, 1845.

CLARK, C. An Analysis of Criminal Liability. London, 1880.

CLARK. Heredity and Crime in Epileptic Criminals. Braunn, 1880.

COLE, W. R. Criminal Informations and Quo Warranto. London, 1843.

COMSTOCK, A. W. Drunkenness in Extenuation of Murder. Phil., 1890.

(In Johnson’s Prize Essays on Legal Subjects.) CARR, W. W. Insanity in Criminal Cases. Phila., 1890.

CROCQ. L’hypnotisme et le crime. Bruxelles, 1894.

 

DELBRUEcx, A. Die pathologische L�ge und die psychisch abnormen Schwindler. Stuttgart, 1891.

DELMAN, G. Der Verbrecher. Ein psychologisches Problem. Leipzig und Wien, 1896.

DESPINE. Psychologie naturelle. Essai sur les facult�s intellectuelles et morales dans leur �tat normal et dans leur manifestations anomales chez les ali�n�s et chez les criminels. 3 vols., Paris, 1868.

DOBBINS, E. S. Errors; chains forged and broken. 1883.

DRAEHMS, A. The Criminal; his personnel and environment; a scientific study. New York, 1900.

DUGDALE, R. L. The Jukes. A study in crime, pauperism, disease and heredity. ist ed., New York, 1877; Sth ed., 1895.

 

ELLIS, H. The Criminal. Ist ed., London & New York, 1890; 2d ed., 1901: 3d ed., 1907.

Criminal Sociology.

ELWELL, J. J. Malpractice and Medical Evidence. 4th ed., New York-, 1881.

EVANS, D. M. Facts, Failures, and Frauds; revelations, financial, mer-cantile, criminal. London, 1859.

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FLYNT, J. A. The World of Graft. New York, 1901.

- Notes of an Itinerant Policeman. Boston, 1900.

- Tramping with Tramps. 1903.

- tr. German, by du Bois-Raymond. Berlin, 1904.

- The Powers that Prey.

- My Life. New York, 1908.

FoURGUET. Les faux t�moins; Essai de psychologie criminelle. Ch�lon-sur-Sa8ne, 1901.

 

GRASSERIE, R. de Ia. De Ia classification des actes criminels. Paris, 1902.

- De Ia criminologie des collectives. Paris, 1903.

GRAVES, W. W. Law for Criminal Catchers. 1906.

GREEN, S. M. Crime; its nature, causes, treatment and prevention. Philadelphia, 1889.

GREEN-WOOD, J. The Prisoner in the Dock; my four years’daily experiences in the London police courts. London, 1902.

GROSS, H. Die Ehrenfolge bei strafgerichtlichen Verurtheilungen. Graz, 1875.

- Handbuch f dr Untersuchungsrichter als System der Kriminalistik.

(tr. English by Adam J. & J. C., s. t. Criminal Investigation. Calcutta, New York, 1907.)

-Enzyclopiidie der Kriminalistik, Ist ed., Leipzig, 1901; 2d ed., 1904.

-Zurechnung und strafrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit in positiver Beleuchtung. Berlin, 1903.

 

HALL, C. R. Uncodified Crimes. Albany, 1890.

HARRIS, G. E. Treatise on the Law of Identification. Albany, 1892.

HILL, F. Crime: its Amount, Causes, and Remedies. London, 1853.

HIRSCHL, A. J. Legal IlygieDe. Davenport, 1890.

HOPPE, H. Alkohol und Kriminalitiqt in allen ihren Beziehungen. Wiesbaden, 1906.

HOPPE, J. Die ZurechnungsffihigKeit und die Kriminal-Anthropologie.

1903.

HORSLEY, J. W. Jottings from Jail. 1887.

- Prisons and Prisoners. New York-, 1899.

HRDLICKA, A. Anthropological Investigation of one thousand white and colored Children of both sexes, the inmates of the New York Juvenile Asylum. New York and Albany.

 

Joy, H. H. Evidence of Accomplices. Dublin, 1836; Philadelphia, 1844.

- Admissibility of Confessions. Challenge of Jurors in Criminal Cases Dublin, 1842; Philadelphia, 1843.

 

KELLOR, F. A. Experimental Sociology. Descriptive and analytical.

Delinquents. New York, London, 1901.

KERR. N. Inebriety or Narcomania; its etiology, pathology, treatment and jurisprudence. Sd ed., London, 1894.

KOVALEVSKY, P. La psychologie criminelle. Paris, 1903.

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KRAFrr-EBING, R. Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen Psychopathologie. ist ed., Stuttgart, 1875; 2d ed., 1881; 3d ed., 1892