Latin for Beginners, Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge [easy novels to read .TXT] 📗

lātus, -a, -um erō

  SUBJUNCTIVE
  Pres. feram, ferās, etc. ferar, ferāris, etc.
  Impf. ferrem ferrer
  Perf. tulerim lātus, -a, -um sim
  Plup. tulissem lātus, -a, -um essem

  IMPERATIVE
  Pres. 2d Pers. fer ferte ferre feriminī
  Fut. 2d Pers. fertō fertōte fertor
       3d Pers. fertō ferunto fertor feruntor

  INFINITIVE
  Pres. ferre ferrī
  Perf. tulisse lātus, -a, -um esse
  Fut. lātūrus, -a, -um esse ——

  PARTICIPLES
  Pres. ferēns, -entis Pres. ——
  Fut. lātūrus, -a, -um Ger. ferendus, -a, -um
  Perf. —— Perf. lātus, -a, -um

GERUND Gen. ferendī Dat. ferendō Acc. ferendum Abl. ferendō

SUPINE (Active Voice) Acc. [[lātum]] Abl. [[lātū]]

«499.» eō, go

  PRINCIPAL PARTS «eō, īre, iī (īvī), ĭtum» (n. perf. part.)
  PRES. STEM ī-
  PERF. STEM ī- or īv-
  PART. STEM it-

          INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE
          SING. PLUR.
  Pres. eō īmus eam 2d Pers. ī īte
          īs ītis
          it eunt
  Impf. ībam īrem
  Fut. ībō —— 2d Pers. ītō ītōte
                                           3d Pers. ītō euntō
  Perf. iī (īvī) ierim (īverim)
  Plup. ieram (īveram) īssem (īvissem)
  F. P. ierō (īverō)

INFINITIVE Pres. īre Perf. īsse (īvisse) Fut. itūrus, -a, -um esse

PARTICIPLES Pres. iēns, gen. euntis (§472) Fut. itūrus, -a, -um Ger. eundum

GERUND Gen. eundī Dat. eundō Acc. eundum Abl. eundō

SUPINE Acc. [[itum]] Abl. [[itū]]

a. The verb «eō» is used impersonally in the third person singular of the passive, as «ītur», «itum est», etc.

b. In the perfect system the forms with «v» are very rare.

«500.» «fīō», passive of «faciō»; be made, become, happen

PRINCIPAL PARTS «fīō, fierī, factus sum»

  INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE
  Pres. fīō —— fīam 2d Pers. fī fīte
           fīs ——
           fit fīunt
  Impf. fīēbam fierem
  Fut. fīam ——

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Perf. factus, -a, -um sum factus, -a, -um sim Plup. factus, -a, -um eram factus, -a, -um essem F.P. factus, -a, -um erō

INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES Pres. fierī Perf. factus, -a, -um Perf. factus, -a, -um esse Ger. faciendus, -a, -um Fut. [[factum īrī]]

[Illustration: CASTRA MURO FOSSAQUE MUNIUNTUR]

APPENDIX II «501.» RULES OF SYNTAX

NOTE. The rules of syntax are here classified and numbered consecutively. The number of the text section in which the rule appears is given at the end of each.

Nominative Case

«1.» The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative and answers the question Who? or What? §36.

Agreement

«2.» A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its subject. §28.

  «3.» A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb.
  §76.

  «4.» An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains.
  §81.

«5.» Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. §65.

«6.» A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb. §215.a.

«7.» A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number; but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own clause. §224.

Prepositions

«8.» A noun governed by a preposition must be in the accusative or ablative case. §52.

Genitive Case

«9.» The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the genitive and answers the question Whose? §38.

«10.» The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate, especially after the forms of «sum», and is then called the predicate genitive. §409.

«11.» Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole, known as the partitive genitive. §331.

«12.» Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective. §443.

Dative Case

«13.» The indirect object of a verb is in the dative. §45.

«14.» The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs «crēdō», «faveō», «noceō», «pāreō», «persuādeō», «resistō», «studeō», and others of like meaning. §154.

«15.» Some verbs compounded with «ad», «ante», «con», «dē», «in», «inter», «ob», «post», «prae», «prō», «sub», «super», admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative. §426.

«16.» The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those meaning near, also fit, friendly, pleasing, like, and their opposites. §143.

«17.» The dative is used to denote the purpose or end for which; often with another dative denoting the person or thing affected. §437.

Accusative Case

«18.» The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative and answers the question Whom? or What? §37.

«19.» The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative. §214.

«20.» The place to which is expressed by «ad» or «in» with the accusative. Before names of towns, small islands, «domus», and «rūs» the preposition is omitted. §§263, 266.

«21.» Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the accusative. §336.

«22.» Verbs of making, choosing, calling, showing, and the like, may take a predicate accusative along with the direct object. With the passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives. §392.

Ablative Case

«23.» Cause is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question Because of what? §102.

  «24.» Means is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This
  answers the question By means of what? or With what? §103.

«25.» Accompaniment is denoted by the ablative with «cum». This answers the question With whom? §104.

«26.» The ablative with «cum» is used to denote the manner of an action. «Cum» may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How? or In what manner? §105.

«27.» With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the measure of difference. §317.

«28.» The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance. This is called the ablative absolute. §381.

«29.» 1. Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying adjective. §444.

2. Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying adjective. §445.

«30.» The ablative is used to denote in what respect something is true. §398.

«31.» The place from which is expressed by «ā» or «ab», «dē», «ē» or «ex» with the separative ablative. This answers the question Whence? Before names of towns, small islands, «domus», and «rūs» the preposition is omitted. §§264, 266.

«32.» Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning. This is called the ablative of separation. §180.

«33.» The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition «ā» or «ab». This is called the ablative of the personal agent. §181.

«34.» The comparative degree, if «quam» is omitted, is followed by the separative ablative. §309.

«35.» The time when or within which anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition. §275.

«36.» 1. The place at or in which is expressed by the ablative with «in». This answers the question Where? Before names of towns, small islands, and «rūs» the preposition is omitted. §§265, 266.

2. Names of towns and small islands, if singular and of the first or second declension, and the word «domus» express the place in which by the locative. §268.

Gerund and Gerundive

«37.» 1. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only