MY SCHOOL, Dr .Nilesh Gopal das Joshi [best free ebook reader for pc txt] 📗

as a blood pressure higher than 140 over 90 millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It can severely impact quality of life and it increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and death. High blood pressure is a common condition in which the long-term of the blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems, such as heart disease.

Blood pressure is determined both by the amount of blood your heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in your arteries. The more blood your heart pumps and the narrower your arteries, the higher your blood pressure. Normal blood pressure is 120 over 80 mm of mercury (mmHg).

A number of risk factors increase the chances of having hypertension.

Age: hypertension is more common in people aged over 60 years. With age, blood pressure can increase steadily as the arteries become stiffer and narrower due to plaque build-up Ethnicity: some ethnic groups are more prone to hypertension. Size and weight: being overweight or obese is a key risk factor. Sex: the lifetime risk is the same for males and females, but men are more prone to hypertension at a younger age, while rates tend to be higher rate in women at older ages. Existing health conditions: cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and high cholesterol levels are predictors for hypertension, especially as people get older.

Other contributing factors include:

Physical inactivity A salt-rich diet associated with processed and fatty foods Low potassium in the diet Alcohol and tobacco use Certain disease and medications Family history of high blood pressure and poorly managed stress also contribute.

There are two types of high blood pressure.

Primary (essential) hypertension

For most adults, there’s no identifiable cause of high blood pressure. This type of high blood pressure, called primary (essential) hypertension, tends to develop gradually over many years. Primary hypertension can result from multiple factors, including blood plasma volume and activity of the hormones that regulate of blood volume and pressure. It is also influenced by environmental factors, such as stress and lack of exercise.

Secondary hypertension

Some people have high blood pressure caused by an underlying condition. This type of high blood pressure, called secondary hypertension, tends to appear suddenly and cause higher blood pressure than does primary hypertension. Secondary hypertension has specific causes and is a complication of another problem.

      It can result from:

Diabetes, due to both kidney problems and nerve damage Kidney disease Pheochromocytoma, a rare cancer of adrenal gland Cushing syndrome, which can be caused bycorticosteroid drugs Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, disorder of the cortisol-secreting adrenal glands Hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid gland Hyperparathyroidism, which affects calcium and phosphorous levels Pregnancy Sleep disorder Obesity Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Adrenal gland tumors Certain medications, such as birth control pills, cold remedies, decongestants, over-the-counter pain relievers nd some prescription drugs Illegal drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines Alcohol abuse or chronic alcohol use

Diagnosis of hypertension

Diagnosis of hypertension is made by measuring blood pressure over last 3 clinic visits using the upper-arm cuff device called a sphygmomanometer. The doctor will take a history and perform a physical examination before diagnosing hypertension. Some additional tests can help identify the cause of high blood pressure and determine any complications.

Tests may include:

Urine tests Kidney ultrasound imaging Blood tests Electrocardiogram (ECG) and an echocardiograph

Measures to prevent hypertension

Adult over 18 should have their blood pressure checked regularly Lifestyle changes may help control your blood pressure Follow your health care provider’s recommendations to modify, treat, control possible causes of high blood pressure.

METHODS TO REDUCE HYPERTENSION

Changing your diet Try healthier, non-meat proteins.

There are many things that are not meat that contain protein. Legumes, seeds and nuts have great nutrients in them and should be added to your diet. They have plenty of omega-3 fatty acids, fiber and phytochemicals as well as proteins. This is because these foods have high calorie content and should always be consumed in moderation. Try including walnuts, peas, beans, almonds, sunflower seeds, flax seeds, lentils and black beans into recipes and meals to get the vital nutrients they have on them.

Reduce sodium intake

The first choice for reducing blood pressure is always lifestyle changes. One major cause of hypertension is too much sodium in your diet. Doctors typically recommend that those with hypertension limit their sodium intake to less than 1500 to 2000mg per day. Many processes foods, including most canned soups, contain high levels of sodium. Even processes foods that don’t taste salty may have significantly more salt than is healthy. Don’t add table salt to food. Ask your doctor if a salt-substitute can be used. These often contain potassium chloride.

Eat more whole grains

Choose whole grain instead of refined grains such as white bread, rice, pasta,

Consume lean protein Increase vegetable and fruit intake

Vegetables and fruit are integral to any heart healthy diet. The natural vitamins and minerals help combat weight gain, boost your immunity and keep blood pressure low. Squash, tomatoes, broccoli, spinach, artichokes and carrots are good examples of vegetables that are high in fiber, potassium and magnesium. Use fruits such as pineapples, mangoes, bananas, blueberries, pomegranates and strawberries both as a natural treat and a substitute for refined, sugary sweets that you crave.

Limit sugary treats

Refined sugars found in sugary sweets work against the healthy portions of the diet. They can gain weight and mess with blood pressure.

Avoid alcoholic and caffeinated beverages. Beverages with caffeine and alcohol should not be consumed when you suffer from hypertension. Caffeine causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, especially in high doses. Try to have less than 400 mg per day of caffeine. Changing Lifestyle Exercise more

Exercise of all kinds can help to control hypertension. Start working out for at least 30 minutes a day with aerobic exercise such as walking, jogging or swimming.

Reduce your stress

Stress, anxiety and depression can increase hypertension. Learn to manage and cope with sress to improve your emotional and physical health.

Quit smoking

Smoking is one of the most common and avoidable contributing factors to cardiovascular death. The added chemicals in cigarettes cause increase in heart rate and vessel constriction, which transiently increased blood pressure.

Using medication Maintaining a healthy weight Getting enough physical activity

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious diseases is that which can be transmitted from one person to another. It is caused by germs which are carried by various media from person to person. The germs invade a healthy individual and multiply rapidly. At the outset the body does resist. If it succeeds, the germs are destroyed. If it is overpowered, the person falls a victim to the disease. The person’s power of resistance is known as natural immunity. They can protect themselves from infection through acquired immunity obtained from inoculation etc.

Some important infectious diseases are cholera, cough and cold, influenza and flu, whooping cough, eczema, typhoid, small pox, chicken pox, malaria, measles, mumps and tuberculosis

Their spread takes place in many ways. The infection is carried through air, water and food, direct contact and insect bite. It spreads when people go on coughing, sneezing without covering their mouth, drink contaminated water, eat the food exposed to flies and other insects, use common towel after bath, live in unhealthy surroundings and come into close contact with the diseased persons.

Prevention of Infectious Diseases

Some steps can be helpful in the prevention of infectious diseases. They are:

Notification: The health authorities should be informed immediately when any case of infectious disease is noticed anywhere. The authorities in turn should inform the public or the students as soon as an epidemic is noticed. Isolation: The patients suffering from infectious diseases should be immediately separated from others. Quarantine: The neighbours and relatives of the patient and all those persons who have come into contact with them should also be isolated for a specific length of time. Disinfection and Preventive measures: Disinfectants are the agents that destroy germs. Heat and sunlight are natural disinfectants. Some of the chemical disinfectants are Dettol, phenyl, potassium permanganate, sulphur dioxide, iodine etc. Promoting Personal Cleanliness: General cleanliness is essential to ward off infection in many cases. Education: People should be educated about the infectious diseases-how they spread, how to prevent them and what steps should be taken to control their spread. There are three distinct stages in every disease caused by germs: The incubation stage The acute stage and Convalescene

The patients and others should be made to understand in what way they should face the disease in different stages.

 

 

 

 

Chapter: 27 Second part of Hypokinetic diseases

Second part of Hypokinetic diseases

OSTEOPOROSIS

            Osteoporosis is a condition of fragile bone with an increased susceptibility to fracture.  Osteoporosis weakens bone and increases risk of bones breaking.  Bone mass decreases after 35 years of age, and bone loss occurs more rapidly in women after menopause.  Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bone, decreasing its strength and resulting in fragile bones.  Osteoporosis literally leads to abnormally absorbent bone that is compressible, like a sponge.  This disorder of the skeleton weakens the bone and results in frequent fractures in the bones.  Osteopenia, by definition, is a condition of bone that is slightly less dense than normal bone but not to the degree of bone in osteoporosis.

            Normal bone is composed of protein, collagen, and calcium, all of which give bone its strength.  Bones that are affected by osteoporosis can break (fracture) with relatively minor injury that normally would not cause a bone to fracture.  The fracture can be either in the form of cracking or collapsing.  The spine, hips, ribs, and wrists are common areas of bone fractures from osteoporosis although osteoporosis-related fractures can occur in almost any skeletal bone.

            Key risk for osteoporosis include genetics, lack of exercise, lack of calcium and vitamin D, personal history of fractures as an adult, cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, history of rheumatoid arthritis, low body weight, and family history of osteoporosis.

            A person is often not aware about osteoporosis until a fracture occurs.  But there are occasionally symptoms of the disorder.  They include:

Backache A gradual loss of height and an accompanying stooped posture Fracture of the spine, wrist, or hip

The following are osteoporosis treatment and prevention measures for optimal health of the bone:

Lifestyle changes, including quitting cigarette smoking, limiting excessive alcohol intake, exercising regularly, and consuming a balanced diet with adequate calcium and vitamin D Medications that stop bone loss and increase bone strength, such as alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (actonel), raloxifene(Elivista), ibadronate (Boniva), calcitonin (Calcimar), zoledronate (Reclast), and denosumab (prolia) Medications that increase bone formation such as teriparatide (Forteo) Adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D are important foundations for maintaining bone density and strength. Estrogen hormone therapy after menopause has been shown to prevent bone loss, increase bone density, and prevent bone fractures.

Lifestyle prevention of osteoporosis is in many aspects the inverse of the potentially modifiable risk factors. As tobacco smoking and high alcohol intake have been linked with osteoporosis, smoking cessation and moderation of alcohol intake are commonly recommended as ways to help prevent it.  The diet must ensure optimal calcium intake and measuring vitamin D levels is recommended, and to take specific supplements of necessary.  Vitamin K deficiency is also a risk factor for osteoporotic fractures.  Weight-bearing endurance exercise and/or exercises to strengthen muscles improve bone strength in those with osteoporosis.  Aerobics, weight bearing, and resistance exercises all maintain or increase bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women.

CORONARY HEART DISEASE

      Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a group of disease that includes: stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death.  It is within the groups of cardiovascular disease of which it is the most common type.  A common