MY SCHOOL, Dr .Nilesh Gopal das Joshi [best free ebook reader for pc txt] 📗

symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw.  Occasionally it may feel like heartburn.  Usually symptoms occur with exercise or emotional stress, last less than a few minutes, and get better with rest.  Shortness of breath may also occur and sometimes no symptoms are present.  The first sign is occasionally a heart attack.  Other complications include heart failure or an irregular heartbeat.

     Risk factors for coronary heart disease:

Smoking High blood pressure High blood cholesterol Diabetes Being physically inactive Depression Being overweight or obese Family history of heart disease Ethnic background Sex- men are more likely to develop CHD at an earlier age than women. Age- the order you are the more likely you are to develop CHD

How does coronary artery disease develop?

            From a young age, plaque can start to go into your blood vessel walls.  As you get older, the plaque builds up.  That inflames the walls and raises the risk of blood clots and heart attacks.  The plaque makes the inner walls of your blood vessels sticky.  Then, other things, like inflammatory cells, lipoproteins, and calcium, travel your bloodstream and mix with the plaque.  As more of these inflammatory cells join in, along with cholesterol, the plaque increases, both pushing the artery walls outward and growing inward.  That makes the vessels narrower.  Eventually, an arrowed coronary artery may develop new blood vessels that go around the blockage to get blood to the heart.  However, if you are pushing yourself or stressed, the new arteries may not be able to bring enough oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

In some cases, when plaque ruptures, blood clot may block blood supply to the heart muscle.  This causes a heart attack.  If a blood vessel to the brain is blocked, usually from a blood clot, and ischemic stroke can happen.  If a blood vessel within the brain bursts, most likely as a result of uncontrolled hypertension (high blood pressure), a hemorrhagic stroke can result.  Studies have found that taking low-dose aspirin each day may help prevent heart attacks and strokes in people who are 50 or older and at risk for heart disease.

Diagnose coronary heart disease

A number of tests may help with diagnoses including

Electrocardiogram Cardiac stress testing Coronary computed tomographic angiography Coronary angiogram

Prevention is by eating a healthy diet, regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight and not smoking.  Sometimes medication for diabetes, high cholesterol, or high blood pressure is also used.

BACKPAIN

Back pain is the pain felt in the low or upper back.  Degree of back pain may be acute, sub-acute, or chronic depending on the duration.  The pain may be characterized as a dull ache, shooting or piercing pain, or a burning sensation.  Causes of pain in the low and upper back include conditions affecting the bony spine, discs between the vertebrae, ligaments around the spine and discs, spinal inflammation, spinal cord nerves, muscles, internal organs of the pelvis, chest, and abdomen, tumours, and the skin.  The pain may radiate into the arms and hands as well as the legs or feet, and may include paresthesia weakness or numbness in the legs and arms. The pain may originate from the muscles, nerves, bones, joints or such as the gallbladder and pancreases may also cause referred pain in the back.  The causes for back pain are Muscle or ligaments strain, Bulging or ruptured disks, Arthritis, Skeletal irregularities, Osteoporosis.  There are tons of treatments aimed at alleviating back pain: yoga, massage, and acupuncture, medications like antidepressants, muscle relaxants etc., exercise and diet.  The back is a complex structure made up of 33 vertebrae, over30 muscles, numerous ligaments, multiple joints, and inter-vertebral disc.

Types and its causes:

Muscular strains: the most common cause of back pain is due to muscular strains.  This happens when an unexpected force, twist, or pull is applied to one or d=several of the muscles in the back.  As a result, several tears occur in the muscle.  These muscular tears cause pain felt in the back. Ligamentous sprains: this occurs when the ligaments of the back are stretched beyond their means. Spinal stenosis: it occurs more commonly in people over 50 years old.  The term refers to a narrowing of the spinal canal. Spinal stenosis has many causes including thickened ligaments along the spinal canal, bony spurs, and enlarged joint cartilage from arthritic changes. Osteoporosis: this occurs especially in women.  It is a disease characterized by progressive loss of bone density.  This results in thinning of bone tissue making one more susceptible to fractures, or broken bones.  The bones of the spine are especially affected in this disorder.  Injury from falls, lifting of heavy objects, or even the force of sneezing can result in painful vertebral compression fractures. Fibromyalgia: it is a rheumatic condition characterized by widespread soft tissue pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and the presence of evenly distributed areas of tenderness.  A history of at least three months of widespread pain and tenderness in eleven or more of the eighteen designated tender point sites is required in diagnosing this disorder.

Symptoms

The large nerve roots in the low back that o to the legs may be irritated The smaller nerves that supply the low back may be irritated The large paired lower back muscles (erector spine) may be strained The bones, ligaments or joints may be damaged An inter vertebral disc may be degenerating

Prevention

Bend knees and keep back straight. Don’t bend at waist. Keep the object close. The farther away one holds it from body, the more it stresses back. Never hold an item higher than armpit or lower than knees. Don’t move something that weighs more than 20%of one’s body weight. Don’t pivot, twist, or turn while lifting. Point feet at the items we are lifting and face it as we pick it up. Change direction with feet, nor waist.

The role of exercise in the prevention, management and treatment of Hypokinetic diseases:

Exercise reduces the risk of hypokinetic diseases by preventing or delaying the onset of manifestation of the signs and symptoms in individual Regular exercise improves the physical fitness of individual thereby improving the body immunity to hypokinetic diseases. Exercise helps to increase energy expenditure, especially for individuals who expended relatively moderate levels of energy. Research shows that exercise also helps avoid illnesses such as obesity, stroke, specific cancers, non-insulin – dependent diabetes, osteoporosis, and obstructive pulmonary diseases Exercise reduces the risk of dying prematurely Exercise reduces the risk of developing high blood pressure Exercise control weight Exercise build and maintain healthy bones, muscles and joints Exercise helps older adults become stronger and better able to move without falling Exercise promotes psychological well-being Exercise helps in the management and treatment of individuals whose movement patterns are disturbed by stroke or any other hypokinetic diseases during rehabilitation and therapeutic stages.

 

 

 

Chapter: 28 POSTURES- Part 1

POSTURES- Part 1

Posture means the position and carriage of the limbs and the body as a whole. There is no single good posture. It is dynamic and varies with every activity, sitting, running, swimming or sleeping.

It does not confirm to rigid standards of body positions. It is not necessary that we may always stand in a certain position or sit firmly in a chair or sleep like a log in order to have a good posture. On the other hand, the secret of good posture is a frequent change of positions. Remaining in one position for a long time is fatiguing and tiring. It is, therefore, that we must consciously try to achieve good posture.

Posture is more than a mere physical condition. Good posture is that in which the body is held without any sense of effort, with its weight, equally distributed over both the legs and feet so as to produce least fatigue. It is also a reflection of moods and emotions. It indicates the attitudes not only of the body, but also of the mind.

Posture involves the manner of sitting, standing, walking, sleeping etc. Wrong posture affects health, physical efficiency, mental attitude and appearance of the individual. A teacher can do much in the classroom and playground to prevent bad postural habits of children. Dr. Mosher says, “As a result of poor postures, constipation, diarrhoea, flatulence, disturbance of the circulation, nervous irritability, fatigue which lessens the efficiency of the individual and often makes life a burden.”

Good posture makes it possible for the ligaments and muscles to maintain positions of the body which are conducive to efficient movement. The efficiency and health of our body depend upon a balance of its various opposing forces. When we keep a natural or working posture, we are said to have a good posture. When the balance is altered by disease, faulty habits or accident, we are said to have bad or poor posture.

Good posture is largely an individual matter. It is impossible to standardize the human body, because no two persons have the same physique. Certain structures of our body may differ from those of other people because of hereditary factors. That means, each physique has its own posture standard.

IMPORTANCE OF GOOD POSTURE

Posture means an individual/child balancing his/her body specifically.  Proper posture is that in which the child does not feel any effort in balancing his body weight or both the feet with equilibrium.  In the proper posture, the trunk of the body that is spine is parallel to the head and neck like a perpendicular line.   All parts of the body work harmoniously.  The normal child does not feel any kind of fatigue or strain, when he/she is improper postural position.  Proper postures result in good appearance, efficiency in movement, ‘physical fitness’ and ‘alertness’.  We can hardly ignore the seriousness of poor postures.  They adversely affect health, physical efficiency, mental attitude and appearance of an individual.  Most of our diseases are the outcome of poor postures.  A teacher can do much in the classroom work and physical instruction period to prevent bad postural habits in the students.   As a result of poor postures says, Dr.Mosher, “constipation diarrhoea, flatulence, disturbance of the circulation, nervous irritability and most marked of all fatigue out of proportion to the effort expanded, lessen the efficiency of the individual and often male life a burden.”

Portrays a better, more confident image. Good posture will boost self-confidence. Breathing becomes easier and deeper. Improves concentration and mental performance. Improves circulation and digestion. Makes you look slimmer and younger. Improves memory and learning. Helps your muscles and joints. Good posture helps us keep bones and joints in correct alignment so that our muscles are used correctly, decreasing the abnormal wearing of joint surfaces that could result in degenerative arthritis and joint pain. It also reduces the stress and ligaments holding the spinal joints together, minimizing the likelihood of injury. A good posture allows muscles to work more efficiently, allowing the body to use less energy and, therefore, preventing muscle fatigue. It also helps prevent muscle strain, overuse disorders, and even back and muscular pain. Changes your frame of mind. Posture also affects your frame of mind and your frame of mind can affect your posture. Healthy spine. Correct posture is a simple but very important way to keep the many intricate structures in the back and spine healthy.  Back support is especially important for people who spend many hours sitting in an office chair or standing throughout the day.

Values of Good Posture

The values of good posture may be related to a pupil’s appearance, movement, efficiency and physical fitness. These values are:

Appearance: Everyone tries to appear as attractive as possible. Great efforts are made by all men and women to appear attractive