Roumania Past and Present, James Samuelson [best novels to read to improve english .txt] 📗

/> ozokerit (hydrocarbon), 18.
petroleum wells, 14.
plains, geology of, 17.
salt mines, 14, 106-9.


H.

History (see also 'Biography'):
Adrianople, treaty of, 221.
Æneas Sylvius on the Wallachs, 153.
Alexander, Philip, and Lysimachus, their wars with the Getæ, 115-17.
Anna Comnena on the Wallachs, 152.
Anonymous Notary of King Bela, the, 150, 151.
Attila, his career and death, 141, 142.
Aurelian evacuates Dacia, 135-37.
Aurelius (Marcus) defeats the Goths, 134.
Avari, the, 143.
Bajazet I. overruns Wallachia, 165.
Balta-Liman, convention of, 224, Appendix IV.
bans, voivodes, and khans (early), 163, 164.
barbarians, 138-60, and Appendix I. (see also 'Goths,' 'Huns,' &c.).
Basilius Lupus, 201.
Bassarab, the clan, 163.
Basta (General), 192, 195, 198.
Bathori, Sigismund, 182, 185, 196.
Andreas, 189, 190, 191.
Belgrade, treaty of, 216.
Bessarabia (Lower) annexed to Moldavia, 228.
retaken by Russia in exchange for the Dobrudscha, 253.
Bogdan, Dragosch, 162, 170.
son of Stephen, 172.
Bonfinius on the Wallachs, 152.
Brancovano treats with Peter the Great, 203.
deposed and executed, 204, 205.
his great treasures, 205, 206.
Bratiano, M., 223, 266.
Bucarest, treaty of, 218.
Bulgari, their customs, 144-46.
Bulgari, their rule, 147, 148.
Bulgarians (modern), their revolt (1877), 236.
their alliance with the Russians, 242.
Cantemir treats with Peter the Great, 203.
flees into Russia, 204.
Capitulation of Mircea to the Turks, 165 and Appendix II.
of Bogdan to the Turks, 172 and Appendix II.
Charles, Prince, 16, 17.
accession, 233.
difficulties of rule, 234.
services to army, 237.
participation in war of 1877-8, 239, 241.
commander-in-chief before Plevna, 243.
meets Osman Pasha, 252,
crowned king, 255.
personal description, 258-60.
Christianity, history of, 65-66 note .
Consuls, Russian, established in Roumania, 217.
English and French, established in Roumania, 218.
Corvinus (see 'Hunniad').
Couza, Prince, accession and reign, 229.
surprised in his palace and deposed, 230.
abdication and departure, 231, 232.
Criminal codes of Matthew Bassarab and Basilius Lupus, 201, 202.
Dacia, contests with Home, 117 et seq.
Decebalus, King of, 119-29.
Trajan's first invasion of, 122-27.
second invasion of, 127-30.
a Roman province, 131-34.
evacuated by Aurelian, 195-97.
Gibbon on the evacuation, 135-37.
Dacians, the, their origin and character, 117-19.
early wars with Rome, 119 et seq.
Decebalus, King of the Dacians, 119-29.
defeats Appius Sabinus, and Cornelius Fuscus, 120.
is beaten by Tertius Julianus, 121.
makes a treaty with Domitian, 121, 122.
is defeated by Trajan, 124.
breaks his treaty with Trajan, 127.
attempts Trajan's life by assassination, 128.
again defeated by Trajan and commits suicide, 129.
Dion Cassius, the historian, 117, 118 note .
Domitian, defeated by Decebalus, 120.
Elisabeth, princess and queen, 55, 92, 257, 260-61, 261 note (see also 'Biography').
Gellius (and other chiefs), tradition of, 150, 151 note .
Gepidæ (a branch of the Goths), powerful in Northern Dacia, 142.
defeated and exterminated by the Lombards, 143.
Getæ, their supposed origin, 115, 116.
at war with Alexander and other Greek generals, 116, 117.
Gibbon on Aurelian's evacuation of Dacia, 135.
his estimate of the Dacians, 136.
Goths, their first appearance, 134.
defeated by Marcus Aurelius, 135.
negotiate with Aurelian, 136.
rule in Dacia, 139, 140.
end of their rule, and remains left by them, 140.
Greek families, reference to histories of, 201 note .
rulers of Wallachia and Roumania (see 'Phanariotes').
rising under Vladimiresco and Ypsilanti, 219, 220.
suppressed, 220.
Grivitza Redoubt besieged by the Roumanians, 245, 246.
its strength, 247.
its capture by the Roumanians, 248, 249.
Helena (Couza), Princess, 92, 229.
Heliad, the regenerator of national literature in Roumania, 221-23.
his political action, 223.
Hospodars, Greek (see 'Phanariotes').
origin of title, 208, 209 note .
restoration of native, 220.
Hungarians (see 'Ungri').
Hunniad, Johann Corvin von, his birth and early life, 167, 168.
viceroy of Siebenbürgen and regent of Hungary, 168.
his wars with the Turks and death, 168.
anecdotes concerning him, and his character, 160.
Huns, appear in northern Dacia, 140, 141.
their aspect and ferocity, 141.
their king Attila, 141.
defeated and driven out of Europe, 142.
Innocent III., his correspondence with Joannitz, King of Wallacho-Bulgaria, 156-60.
Jassy, Treaty of, 218.
Jasyges, the, 118.
Kainardji, treaty of, 217.
Knights of St. John and Teutonic knights, 156.
Kumani, the, 155, 156.
Lauriani on the correspondence between Joannitz and Innocent III., 156-60.
on the fall of Wallacho-Bulgaria, 160.
Lombards, the, 143.
Magyars, the (see 'Ungri').
Matthew Bassarab, his criminal code, 201, 202.
Mavrocordato, Alexander, 207.
Nicholas, first Phanariote voivode, 208.
Constantine, suppresses retainers of boyards, 208.
appoints new officers of State, 208, 209.
Mavrogeni, Nicholas, his nobles rebel, 214, 215.
his defeat by the Austrians and Russians, 218.
Michael the Brave, condition of Wallachia in his day, 176-81.
classes of society, 176, 177, 178.
taxes, 178.
officials, 179.
army, 180.
political relations with other states, 181.
career of Michael:
early history and accession, 182;
alliances, 182;
massacre of the Turks, 183;
conspiracy against him, 183;
Achmed Pasha's invasion and defeat, 184;
Sigismund of Transylvania, Michael's submission to him, 185;
invasion of Sinan Pasha, 186;
Kalugereni, Michael's great victory, 186, 187;
retreat and rally of Michael, 187;
expulsion of the Turks, 188;
intrigues of Michael, 189;
abdication of Sigismund and accession of Andreas Bathori, 189;
Michael's invasion and conquest of Transylvania, 189-92;
triumph at Weissenburg, 192;
Michael overruns Moldavia, 192, 194;
in the zenith of his power, 194;
General Basta, 192, 195;
revolt of Transylvanian nobles, 195;
defeat of Michael at Miriszlo and Hight, 195, 196;
appeals to the German Emperor, 196;
recall of Sigismund Bathori, 196;
Michael pardoned and reinstated, 196, 197;
junction with Basta and defeat of the Transylvanians, 197;
feud with Basta, 197;
Michael assassinated by order of Basta, 198;
his character, 198.
Mircea the Old, allied with Hungary and Poland, defeats the Turks, 165.
first 'capitulation' at Nicopolis, 165 and Appendix II.
his army, 166.
his character, and verses in his memory by Bolentineanu, 167.
Moldavia, tradition of Bogdan Dragosch, 162.
earliest historical records of, 170.
early voivodes, 170, 171.
Stephen 'the Good,' voivode of, 171-73.
capitulation of Bogdan to the Turks, 172.
conquered by Michael the Brave, 193, 194.
Basilius Lupus, voivode of, 202.
Cantemir, voivode of, treats with Peter the Great, 203.
invasion by Peter the Great, 203.
Greek rising in (1821), 223.
Michael Stourdza seizes the boyards, who escape, 223.
Moldavia, junction of, with Wallachia under Couza, 228.
coronation of King Charles, 255.
Muktar Pasha relieves Kars, 241.
Neagu Bassarab, records in the Cathedral of Ardges, 63, 64.
his good deeds, 174.
Niamtz, verses on Stephen's flight to, 172.
Nicholas, Czar of Russia, and the Crimean war, 225, 227.
Grand Duke, watches the crossing of the Danube by the Russians, 240.
meets Osman Pasha, 252.
Officers of State in the Principalities, 179.
Omar Pasha suppresses the Greek rising, 224.
Osman Pasha repels the Russians at Plevna, 240.
is repulsed at Plevna, 243.
is defeated, and surrenders to the Russian and Roumanian generals, 252.
Paris, treaty of, 227.
Patzinakitai, the, 151.
Peter, Asan, and John, founders of Wallacho-Bulgarian empire, 154, 155.
Peter the Great, his invasion of Moldavia, 203.
Phanariotes, the, their rise and early history, 206, 207.
the first rulers, 207, 208.
installation of hospodars, 209.
extortion and tyranny of, 210-12.
extravagance of the princesses, 211.
their usual fate, 212.
favourable aspects of their rule, 214.
end of their domination, 220.
Wilkinson on their character, 220.
Pic, on the origin of the, Roumanians, 164 note .
Plevna, siege and investment of, 240-52.
Russian repulses before, 240, 245, 246.
defences of, 244.
fall of, 252.
Radu Affumati, 175.
Radu Negru, tradition of, 162.
Revolution of, 1848, 223.
suppressed, 224.