History of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides [best free ebook reader TXT] 📗
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daily. In short, no single suffering to be apprehended by men thrust
into such a place was spared them. For some seventy days they thus
lived all together, after which all, except the Athenians and any
Siceliots or Italiots who had joined in the expedition, were sold. The
total number of prisoners taken it would be difficult to state
exactly, but it could not have been less than seven thousand.
This was the greatest Hellenic achievement of any in thig war, or,
in my opinion, in Hellenic history; at once most glorious to the
victors, and most calamitous to the conquered. They were beaten at all
points and altogether; all that they suffered was great; they were
destroyed, as the saying is, with a total destruction, their fleet,
their army, everything was destroyed, and few out of many returned
home. Such were the events in Sicily.
_Nineteenth and Twentieth Years of the War - Revolt of Ionia -
Intervention of Persia - The War in Ionia_
When the news was brought to Athens, for a long while they
disbelieved even the most respectable of the soldiers who had
themselves escaped from the scene of action and clearly reported the
matter, a destruction so complete not being thought credible. When the
conviction was forced upon them, they were angry with the orators
who had joined in promoting the expedition, just as if they had not
themselves voted it, and were enraged also with the reciters of
oracles and soothsayers, and all other omen-mongers of the time who
had encouraged them to hope that they should conquer Sicily. Already
distressed at all points and in all quarters, after what had now
happened, they were seized by a fear and consternation quite without
example. It was grievous enough for the state and for every man in his
proper person to lose so many heavy infantry, cavalry, and able-bodied
troops, and to see none left to replace them; but when they saw, also,
that they had not sufficient ships in their docks, or money in the
treasury, or crews for the ships, they began to despair of
salvation. They thought that their enemies in Sicily would immediately
sail with their fleet against Piraeus, inflamed by so signal a
victory; while their adversaries at home, redoubling all their
preparations, would vigorously attack them by sea and land at once,
aided by their own revolted confederates. Nevertheless, with such
means as they had, it was determined to resist to the last, and to
provide timber and money, and to equip a fleet as they best could,
to take steps to secure their confederates and above all Euboea, to
reform things in the city upon a more economical footing, and to elect
a board of elders to advise upon the state of affairs as occasion
should arise. In short, as is the way of a democracy, in the panic
of the moment they were ready to be as prudent as possible.
These resolves were at once carried into effect. Summer was now
over. The winter ensuing saw all Hellas stirring under the
impression of the great Athenian disaster in Sicily. Neutrals now felt
that even if uninvited they ought no longer to stand aloof from the
war, but should volunteer to march against the Athenians, who, as they
severally reflected, would probably have come against them if the
Sicilian campaign had succeeded. Besides, they considered that the war
would now be short, and that it would be creditable for them to take
part in it. Meanwhile the allies of the Lacedaemonians felt all more
anxious than ever to see a speedy end to their heavy labours. But
above all, the subjects of the Athenians showed a readiness to
revolt even beyond their ability, judging the circumstances with
passion, and refusing even to hear of the Athenians being able to last
out the coming summer. Beyond all this, Lacedaemon was encouraged by
the near prospect of being joined in great force in the spring by
her allies in Sicily, lately forced by events to acquire their navy.
With these reasons for confidence in every quarter, the Lacedaemonians
now resolved to throw themselves without reserve into the war,
considering that, once it was happily terminated, they would be
finally delivered from such dangers as that which would have
threatened them from Athens, if she had become mistress of Sicily, and
that the overthrow of the Athenians would leave them in quiet
enjoyment of the supremacy over all Hellas.
Their king, Agis, accordingly set out at once during this winter
with some troops from Decelea, and levied from the allies
contributions for the fleet, and turning towards the Malian Gulf
exacted a sum of money from the Oetaeans by carrying off most of their
cattle in reprisal for their old hostility, and, in spite of the
protests and opposition of the Thessalians, forced the Achaeans of
Phthiotis and the other subjects of the Thessalians in those parts
to give him money and hostages, and deposited the hostages at Corinth,
and tried to bring their countrymen into the confederacy. The
Lacedaemonians now issued a requisition to the cities for building a
hundred ships, fixing their own quota and that of the Boeotians at
twenty-five each; that of the Phocians and Locrians together at
fifteen; that of the Corinthians at fifteen; that of the Arcadians,
Pellenians, and Sicyonians together at ten; and that of the Megarians,
Troezenians, Epidaurians, and Hermionians together at ten also; and
meanwhile made every other preparation for commencing hostilities by
the spring.
In the meantime the Athenians were not idle. During this same
winter, as they had determined, they contributed timber and pushed
on their shipbuilding, and fortified Sunium to enable their
corn-ships to round it in safety, and evacuated the fort in Laconia
which they had built on their way to Sicily; while they also, for
economy, cut down any other expenses that seemed unnecessary, and
above all kept a careful lookout against the revolt of their
confederates.
While both parties were thus engaged, and were as intent upon
preparing for the war as they had been at the outset, the Euboeans
first of all sent envoys during this winter to Agis to treat of
their revolting from Athens. Agis accepted their proposals, and sent
for Alcamenes, son of Sthenelaidas, and Melanthus from Lacedaemon,
to take the command in Euboea. These accordingly arrived with some
three hundred Neodamodes, and Agis began to arrange for their crossing
over. But in the meanwhile arrived some Lesbians, who also wished to
revolt; and these being supported by the Boeotians, Agis was persuaded
to defer acting in the matter of Euboea, and made arrangements for the
revolt of the Lesbians, giving them Alcamenes, who was to have
sailed to Euboea, as governor, and himself promising them ten ships,
and the Boeotians the same number. All this was done without
instructions from home, as Agis while at Decelea with the army that he
commanded had power to send troops to whatever quarter he pleased, and
to levy men and money. During this period, one might say, the allies
obeyed him much more than they did the Lacedaemonians in the city,
as the force he had with him made him feared at once wherever he went.
While Agis was engaged with the Lesbians, the Chians and
Erythraeans, who were also ready to revolt, applied, not to him but at
Lacedaemon; where they arrived accompanied by an ambassador from
Tissaphernes, the commander of King Darius, son of Artaxerxes, in
the maritime districts, who invited the Peloponnesians to come over,
and promised to maintain their army. The King had lately called upon
him for the tribute from his government, for which he was in
arrears, being unable to raise it from the Hellenic towns by reason of
the Athenians; and he therefore calculated that by weakening the
Athenians he should get the tribute better paid, and should also
draw the Lacedaemonians into alliance with the King; and by this
means, as the King had commanded him, take alive or dead Amorges,
the bastard son of Pissuthnes, who was in rebellion on the coast of
Caria.
While the Chians and Tissaphernes thus joined to effect the same
object, about the same time Calligeitus, son of Laophon, a Megarian,
and Timagoras, son of Athenagoras, a Cyzicene, both of them exiles
from their country and living at the court of Pharnabazus, son of
Pharnaces, arrived at Lacedaemon upon a mission from Pharnabazus, to
procure a fleet for the Hellespont; by means of which, if possible, he
might himself effect the object of Tissaphernes’ ambition and cause
the cities in his government to revolt from the Athenians, and so
get the tribute, and by his own agency obtain for the King the
alliance of the Lacedaemonians.
The emissaries of Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes treating apart, a
keen competition now ensued at Lacedaemon as to whether a fleet and
army should be sent first to Ionia and Chios, or to the Hellespont.
The Lacedaemonians, however, decidedly favoured the Chians and
Tissaphernes, who were seconded by Alcibiades, the family friend of
Endius, one of the ephors for that year. Indeed, this is how their
house got its Laconic name, Alcibiades being the family name of
Endius. Nevertheless the Lacedaemonians first sent to Chios Phrynis,
one of the Perioeci, to see whether they had as many ships as they
said, and whether their city generally was as great as was reported;
and upon his bringing word that they had been told the truth,
immediately entered into alliance with the Chians and Erythraeans, and
voted to send them forty ships, there being already, according to
the statement of the Chians, not less than sixty in the island. At
first the Lacedaemonians meant to send ten of these forty
themselves, with Melanchridas their admiral; but afterwards, an
earthquake having occurred, they sent Chalcideus instead of
Melanchridas, and instead of the ten ships equipped only five in
Laconia. And the winter ended, and with it ended also the nineteenth
year of this war of which Thucydides is the historian.
At the beginning of the next summer the Chians were urging that
the fleet should be sent off, being afraid that the Athenians, from
whom all these embassies were kept a secret, might find out what was
going on, and the Lacedaemonians at once sent three Spartans to
Corinth to haul the ships as quickly as possible across the Isthmus
from the other sea to that on the side of Athens, and to order them
all to sail to Chios, those which Agis was equipping for Lesbos not
excepted. The number of ships from the allied states was thirty-nine
in all.
Meanwhile Calligeitus and Timagoras did not join on behalf of Pharnabazus
in the expedition to Chios or give the money—twenty-five talents—which
they had brought with them to help in dispatching a force, but
determined to sail afterwards with another force by themselves.
Agis, on the other hand, seeing the Lacedaemonians bent upon
going to Chios first, himself came in to their views; and
the allies assembled at Corinth and held a council, in which
they decided to sail first to Chios under the command of Chalcideus,
who was equipping the five vessels in Laconia, then to Lesbos,
under the command of Alcamenes, the same whom Agis had fixed
upon, and lastly to go to the Hellespont, where the command was
given to Clearchus, son of Ramphias. Meanwhile they would take only
half the ships across the Isthmus first, and let those sail off at
once, in order that the Athenians might attend less to the departing
squadron than to those to be taken across afterwards, as no care had
been taken to keep this voyage secret through contempt of the
impotence of the Athenians, who had as yet no fleet of
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