History of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides [best free ebook reader TXT] 📗

BOOK I CHAPTER I

_The State of Greece from the earliest Times to the

Commencement of the Peloponnesian War_

 

Thucydides, an Athenian, wrote the history of the war between

the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, beginning at the moment

that it broke out, and believing that it would be a great war

and more worthy of relation than any that had preceded it.

This belief was not without its grounds. The preparations of

both the combatants were in every department in the last state

of perfection; and he could see the rest of the Hellenic race

taking sides in the quarrel; those who delayed doing so at once

having it in contemplation. Indeed this was the greatest movement

yet known in history, not only of the Hellenes, but of a large

part of the barbarian world—I had almost said of mankind. For

though the events of remote antiquity, and even those that more

immediately preceded the war, could not from lapse of time be

clearly ascertained, yet the evidences which an inquiry carried

as far back as was practicable leads me to trust, all point to

the conclusion that there was nothing on a great scale, either in

war or in other matters.

 

For instance, it is evident that the country now called Hellas

had in ancient times no settled population; on the contrary,

migrations were of frequent occurrence, the several tribes

readily abandoning their homes under the pressure of superior

numbers. Without commerce, without freedom of communication

either by land or sea, cultivating no more of their territory

than the exigencies of life required, destitute of capital,

never planting their land (for they could not tell when an invader

might not come and take it all away, and when he did come they

had no walls to stop him), thinking that the necessities of

daily sustenance could be supplied at one place as well as

another, they cared little for shifting their habitation, and

consequently neither built large cities nor attained to any other

form of greatness. The richest soils were always most subject

to this change of masters; such as the district now called

Thessaly, Boeotia, most of the Peloponnese, Arcadia excepted,

and the most fertile parts of the rest of Hellas. The goodness

of the land favoured the aggrandizement of particular individuals,

and thus created faction which proved a fertile source of ruin.

It also invited invasion. Accordingly Attica, from the poverty

of its soil enjoying from a very remote period freedom from

faction, never changed its inhabitants. And here is no

inconsiderable exemplification of my assertion that the migrations

were the cause of there being no correspondent growth in other

parts. The most powerful victims of war or faction from

the rest of Hellas took refuge with the Athenians as a safe

retreat; and at an early period, becoming naturalized,

swelled the already large population of the city to such a

height that Attica became at last too small to hold them, and

they had to send out colonies to Ionia.

 

There is also another circumstance that contributes not a little

to my conviction of the weakness of ancient times. Before the Trojan

war there is no indication of any common action in Hellas, nor

indeed of the universal prevalence of the name; on the contrary,

before the time of Hellen, son of Deucalion, no such appellation

existed, but the country went by the names of the different tribes, in

particular of the Pelasgian. It was not till Hellen and his sons

grew strong in Phthiotis, and were invited as allies into the other

cities, that one by one they gradually acquired from the connection

the name of Hellenes; though a long time elapsed before that name

could fasten itself upon all. The best proof of this is furnished by

Homer. Born long after the Trojan War, he nowhere calls all of them by

that name, nor indeed any of them except the followers of Achilles

from Phthiotis, who were the original Hellenes: in his poems they

are called Danaans, Argives, and Achaeans. He does not even use the

term barbarian, probably because the Hellenes had not yet been

marked off from the rest of the world by one distinctive

appellation. It appears therefore that the several Hellenic

communities, comprising not only those who first acquired the name,

city by city, as they came to understand each other, but also those

who assumed it afterwards as the name of the whole people, were before

the Trojan war prevented by their want of strength and the absence

of mutual intercourse from displaying any collective action.

 

Indeed, they could not unite for this expedition till they had

gained increased familiarity with the sea. And the first person

known to us by tradition as having established a navy is Minos. He

made himself master of what is now called the Hellenic sea, and

ruled over the Cyclades, into most of which he sent the first

colonies, expelling the Carians and appointing his own sons governors;

and thus did his best to put down piracy in those waters, a

necessary step to secure the revenues for his own use.

 

For in early times the Hellenes and the barbarians of the coast

and islands, as communication by sea became more common, were

tempted to turn pirates, under the conduct of their most powerful men;

the motives being to serve their own cupidity and to support the

needy. They would fall upon a town unprotected by walls, and

consisting of a mere collection of villages, and would plunder it;

indeed, this came to be the main source of their livelihood, no

disgrace being yet attached to such an achievement, but even some

glory. An illustration of this is furnished by the honour with which

some of the inhabitants of the continent still regard a successful

marauder, and by the question we find the old poets everywhere

representing the people as asking of voyagers—“Are they pirates?”—as

if those who are asked the question would have no idea of

disclaiming the imputation, or their interrogators of reproaching them

for it. The same rapine prevailed