Latin for Beginners, Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge [easy novels to read .TXT] 📗

-ua
  Abl. adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus

  1. Observe that the base is found, as in other declensions, by
  dropping the ending of the genitive singular.

2. «lacus», lake, has the ending «-ubus» in the dative and ablative plural; «portus», harbor, has either «-ubus» or «-ibus».

3. «cornū» is the only neuter that is in common use.

«261.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293.

I. 1. Ante adventum Caesaris vēlōcēs hostium equitēs ācrem impetum in castra fēcērunt. 2. Continēre exercitum ā proeliō nōn facile erat. 3. Post adventum suum Caesar iussit legiōnēs ex castrīs dūcī. 4. Prō castrīs cum hostium equitātū pugnātum est. 5. Post tempus breve equitātus trāns flūmen fūgit ubi castra hostium posita erant. 6. Tum victor imperātor agrōs vāstāvit et vīcōs hostium cremāvit. 7. Castra autem nōn oppugnāvit quia mīlitēs erant dēfessī et locus difficilis. 8. Hostēs nōn cessāvērunt iacere tēla, quae paucīs nocuērunt. 9. Post adversum proelium principēs Gallōrum lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittere studēbant, sed populō persuādēre nōn poterant.

II. 1. Did you see the man-of-war on the lake? 2. I did not see it (fem.) on the lake, but I saw it in the harbor. 3. Because of the strong wind the sailor forbade his brother to sail. 4. Cæsar didn´t make an attack on the cavalry on the right wing, did he? 5. No, he made an attack on the left wing. 6. Who taught your swift horse to obey? 7. I trained my horse with my (own) hands, nor was the task difficult. 8. He is a beautiful animal and has great strength.

LESSON XLVII EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE · THE DECLENSION OF DOMUS

[Special Vocabulary]

   Athēnae, -ārum, f., plur., Athens
   Corinthus, -ī, f., Corinth
  «domus, -ūs», locative «domī», f., house, home (dome). Cf.
    «domicilium»
  «Genāva, -ae», f., Geneva
   Pompēii, -ōrum, m., plur., Pompeii, a city in Campania. See map
  «propter», prep. with acc., on account of, because of
   rūs, rūris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. «rūra», n., country
    (rustic)
  «tergum, tergī», n., back; «ā tergō», behind, in the rear
  «vulnus, vulneris», n., wound (vulnerable)

  «committō, committere, commīsī, commissus», intrust, commit;
    «proelium committere», join battle
  «convocō, convocāre, convocāvī, convocātus», call together, summon
    (convoke)
  «timeō, timēre, timuī, ——», fear; be afraid (timid)
  «vertō, vertere, vertī, versus», turn, change (convert);
    «terga vertere», to turn the backs, hence to retreat

«262.» We have become thoroughly familiar with expressions like the following:

  «Galba ad» (or «in») «oppidum properat»
  «Galba ab» («dē» or «ex») «oppidō properat»
  «Galba in oppidō habitat»

From these expressions we may deduce the following rules:

«263.» RULE. «Accusative of the Place to.» The «place to which» is expressed by «ad» or «in» with the accusative. This answers the question Whither?

«264.» RULE. «Ablative of the Place from.» The «place from which» is expressed by «ā» or «ab», «dē», «ē» or «ex», with the separative ablative. This answers the question Whence? (Cf. Rule, §179.)

«265.» RULE. «Ablative of the Place at or in.» The «place at or in which» is expressed by the ablative with «in». This answers the question Where?

a. The ablative denoting the place where is called the locative ablative (cf. «locus», place).

«266.» «Exceptions.» Names of towns, small islands,[1] «domus», home, «rūs», country, and a few other words in common use omit the prepositions in expressions of place, as,

  «Galba Athēnās properat», Galba hastens to Athens
  «Galba Athēnīs properat», Galba hastens from Athens
  «Galba Athēnīs habitat», Galba lives at (or in) Athens
  «Galba domum properat», Galba hastens home
  «Galba rūs properat», Galba hastens to the country
  «Galba domō properat», Galba hastens from home
  «Galba rūre properat», Galba hastens from the country
  «Galba rūrī» (less commonly «rūre») «habitat»,
    Galba lives in the country

a. Names of countries, like «Germānia», «Italia», etc., do not come under these exceptions. With them prepositions must not be omitted.

[Footnote 1: Small islands are classed with towns because they generally have but one town, and the name of the town is the same as the name of the island.]

«267.» «The Locative Case.» We saw above that the place-relation expressed by at or in is regularly covered by the locative ablative. However, Latin originally expressed this relation by a separate form known as the locative case. This case has been everywhere merged in the ablative excepting in the singular number of the first and second declensions. The form of the locative in these declensions is like the genitive singular, and its use is limited to names of towns and small islands, «domī», at home, and a few other words.

«268.» RULE. «Locative and Locative Ablative.» To express the «place in which» with names of towns and small islands, «if they are singular and of the first or second declension», use the locative; otherwise use the locative ablative without a preposition; as,

  «Galba Rōmae habitat», Galba lives at Rome
  «Galba Corinthī habitat», Galba lives at Corinth
  «Galba domī habitat», Galba lives at home

Here «Rōmae», «Corinthī», and «domī» are locatives, being singular and of the first and second declensions respectively. But in

  «Galba Athēnīs habitat», Galba lives at Athens,
  «Galba Pompēiīs habitat», Galba lives at Pompeii

«Athēnīs» and «Pompēiīs» are locative ablatives. These words can have no locative case, as the nominatives «Athēnae» and «Pompēiī» are_plural_ and there is no plural locative case form.

«269.» The word «domus», home, house, has forms of both the second and the fourth declension. Learn its declension (§468).

«270.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293.

I. 1. Corinthī omnia īnsignia aurī ā ducibus victōribus rapta erant. 2. Caesar Genāvam exercitum magnīs itineribus dūxit. 3. Quem pontem hostēs cremāverant? Pontem in Rhēnō hostēs cremāverant. 4. Pompēiīs multās Rōmānōrum domōs vidēre poteritis. 5. Rōmā cōnsul equō vēlōcī rūs properāvit. 6. Domī cōnsulis hominēs multī sedēbant. 7. Imperātor iusserat lēgātum Athēnās cum multīs nāvibus longīs nāvigāre. 8. Ante moenia urbis sunt ōrdinēs arborum altārum. 9. Propter arborēs altās nec lacum nec portum reperīre potuimus. 10. Proeliīs crēbrīs Caesar legiōnēs suās quae erant in Galliā exercēbat. 11. Cotīdiē in locō idoneō castra pōnēbat et mūniēbat.

II. 1. Cæsar, the famous general, when he had departed from Rome, hastened to the Roman province on a swift horse.[2] 2. He had heard a rumor concerning the allies at Geneva. 3. After his arrival Cæsar called the soldiers together and commanded them to join battle. 4. The enemy hastened to retreat, some because[3] they were afraid, others because[3] of wounds. 5. Recently I was at Athens and saw the place where the judges used to sit.[4] 6. Marcus and Sextus are my brothers; the one lives at Rome, the other in the country.

[Footnote 2: Latin says “by a swift horse.” What construction?]

[Footnote 3: Distinguish between the English conjunction because («quia» or «quod») and the preposition because of («propter»).]

[Footnote 4: used to sit, express by the imperfect.]

[Illustration: DAEDALUS ET ICARUS]

«271.» DAED´ALUS AND IC´ARUS

Crēta est īnsula antīqua quae aquā altā magnī maris pulsātur. Ibi ōlim Mīnōs erat rēx. Ad eum vēnit Daedalus quī ex Graeciā patriā fugiēbat. Eum Mīnōs rēx benignīs verbīs accēpit et eī domicilium in Crētā dedit. [5]Quō in locō Daedalus sine cūrā vīvebat et rēgī multa et clāra opera faciēbat. Post tempus longum autem Daedalus patriam cāram dēsīderāre incēpit. Domum properāre studēbat, sed rēgī persuādēre nōn potuit et mare saevum fugam vetābat.

[Footnote 5: And in this place; «quō» does not here introduce a subordinate relative clause, but establishes the connection with the preceding sentence. Such a relative is called a connecting relative, and is translated by and and a demonstrative or personal pronoun.]

LESSON XLVIII THE FIFTH OR Ē-DECLENSION · THE ABLATIVE OF TIME

[Special Vocabulary]

«aciēs, -ēī», f., line of battle «aestās, aestātis», f., summer «annus, -ī», m., year (annual) «diēs, diēī», m., day (diary) «fidēs, fideī», no plur., f., faith, trust; promise, word; protection; «in fidem venīre», to come under the protection «fluctus, -ūs», m. wave, billow (fluctuate) «hiems, hiemis», f., winter «hōra, -ae», f., hour «lūx, lūcis», f., light (lucid); «prīma lux», daybreak «merīdiēs», acc. -em, abl. -ē, no plur., m., midday (meridian) «nox, noctis (-ium)», f., night (nocturnal) «prīmus, -a, -um», first (prime) «rēs, reī», f., thing, matter (real); «rēs gestae», deeds, exploits (lit. things performed); «rēs adversae», adversity; «rēs secundae», prosperity «spēs, speī», f., hope

«272.» «Gender.» Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine except «diēs», day, and «merīdiēs», midday, which are usually masculine.

«273.» PARADIGMS

  [Transcriber’s Note:
  The “Stems” are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied
  from the inflectional table in the Appendix.]

          «diēs», «rēs», f.,
          m., day thing
  STEMS «diē-» «rē-»
  BASES «di-» «r-»

          SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
  Nom. diēs rēs -ēs
  Gen. diēī reī -ē̆ī
  Dat. diēī reī -ē̆ī
  Acc. diem rem -em
  Abl. diē rē -ē

          PLURAL
  Nom. diēs rēs -ēs
  Gen. diērum rērum -ērum
  Dat. diēbus rēbus -ēbus
  Acc. diēs rēs -ēs
  Abl. diēbus rēbus -ēbus

1. The vowel «e» which appears in every form is regularly long. It is shortened in the ending «-eī» after a consonant, as in «r-ĕī»; and before «-m» in the accusative singular, as in «di-em». (Cf. §12.2.)

2. Only «diēs» and «rēs» are complete in the plural. Most other nouns of this declension lack the plural. «Aciēs», line of battle, and «spēs», hope, have the nominative and accusative plural.

«274.» The ablative relation (§50) which is expressed by the prepositions at, in, or on may refer not only to place, but also to time, as at noon, in summer, on the first day. The ablative which is used to express this relation is called the ablative of time.

«275.» RULE. «The Ablative of Time.» The time «when» or «within which» anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition.

    a. Occasionally the preposition «in» is found. Compare the
    English Next day we started and «On» the next day we started.

«276.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 294.

I. Galba the Farmer. Galba agricola rūrī vīvit. Cotīdiē prīmā lūce labōrāre incipit, nec ante noctem in studiō suō cessat. Merīdiē Iūlia fīlia eum ad cēnam vocat. Nocte pedēs dēfessōs domum vertit. Aestāte fīliī agricolae auxilium patrī dant. Hieme agricola eōs in lūdum mittit. Ibi magister pueris multās fābulās dē rēbus gestīs Caesaris nārrat. Aestāte fīliī agricolae perpetuīs labōribus exercentur nec grave agrī opus est iīs molestum. Galba sine ūllā cūrā vivit nec rēs adversās timet.

II. 1. In that month there were many battles in Gaul. 2. The cavalry of the enemy made an attack upon Cæsar’s line of battle. 3. In the first hour of the night the ship was overcome by the billows. 4. On the second day the savages were eager to come under Cæsar’s protection. 5. The king had joined battle, moved by the hope of victory. 6. That year a fire destroyed many birds and other animals. 7. We saw blood on the wild beast’s teeth.

«277.» DAED´ALUS AND IC´ARUS (Continued)

Tum Daedalus gravibus cūrīs commōtus fīliō suō Īcarō ita dixit: “Animus meus, Īcare, est plēnus trīstitiae nec