Latin for Beginners, Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge [easy novels to read .TXT] 📗

oculī lacrimīs egent. Discēdere ex Crētā, Athēnās properāre, maximē studeō; sed rēx recūsat audīre verba mea et omnem reditūs spem ēripit. Sed numquam rēbus adversīs vincar. Terra et mare sunt inimīca, sed aliam fugae viam reperiam.” Tum in artīs ignōtās animum dīmittit et mīrum capit cōnsilium. Nam pennās in ōrdine pōnit et vērās ālās facit. LESSON XLIX PRONOUNS CLASSIFIED · PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

[Special Vocabulary]

  «amīcitia, -ae», f., friendship (amicable)
  «itaque», conj., and so, therefore, accordingly
  «littera, -ae», f., a letter of the alphabet;
    plur., a letter, an epistle
  «metus, metūs», m., fear
  «nihil, indeclinable», n., nothing (nihilist)
  «nūntius, nūntī», m., messenger. Cf. «nūntiō»
  «pāx, pācis», f., peace (pacify)
  «rēgnum, -ī», n., reign, sovereignty, kingdom
  «supplicum, suppli´cī», n., punishment;
    «supplicum sūmere dē», with abl., inflict punishment on;
    «supplicum dare», suffer punishment. Cf. «poena»

  «placeō, placēre, placuī, placitus», be pleasing to, please,
     with dative. Cf. §154
  «sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptus», take up, assume
  «sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus», sustain

«278.» We have the same kinds of pronouns in Latin as in English. They are divided into the following eight classes:

  1. «Personal pronouns», which show the person speaking, spoken to, or
  spoken of; as, «ego», I; «tū», you; «is», he. (Cf. §279. etc.)

  2. «Possessive pronouns», which denote possession; as, «meus», «tuus»,
  «suus», etc. (Cf. §98.)

  3. «Reflexive pronouns», used in the predicate to refer back to the
  subject; as, he saw himself. (Cf. §281.)

  4. «Intensive pronouns», used to emphasize a noun or pronoun; as, I
  myself saw it. (Cf. §285.)

  5. «Demonstrative pronouns», which point out persons or things; as,
  «is», this, that. (Cf. §112.)

  6. «Relative pronouns», which connect a subordinate adjective clause
  with an antecedent; as, «quī», who. (Cf. §220.)

  7. «Interrogative pronouns», which ask a question; as, «quis», who?
  (Cf. §225.)

  8. «Indefinite pronouns», which point out indefinitely; as, some one,
  any one, some, certain ones, etc. (Cf. §296.)

«279.» The demonstrative pronoun «is», «ea», «id», as we learned in §115, is regularly used as the personal pronoun of the third person (he, she, it, they, etc.).

«280.» The personal pronouns of the first person are «ego», I; «nōs», we; of the second person, «tū», thou or you; «vōs», ye or you. They are declined as follows:

         SINGULAR
         FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON
  Nom. ego, I tū, you
  Gen. meī, of me tuī, of you
  Dat. mihi, to or for me tibi, to or for you
  Acc. mē, me tē, you
  Abl. mē, with, from, etc., me tē, with, from, etc., you

         PLURAL
  Nom. nōs, we vōs, you
  Gen. nostrum or nostrī, of us vestrum or vestrī, of you
  Dat. nōbīs, to or for us vōbīs, to or for you
  Acc. nōs, us vōs, you
  Abl. nōbīs, with, from, vōbīs, with, from, etc., you
           etc., us

  1. The personal pronouns are not used in the nominative excepting for
  emphasis or contrast.

«281.» «The Reflexive Pronouns.» 1. The personal pronouns «ego» and «tū» may be used in the predicate as reflexives; as,

     «videō mē», I see myself
       «vidēmus nōs», we see ourselves
     «vidēs tē», you see yourself
       «vidētis vōs», you see yourselves

2. The reflexive pronoun of the third person (himself, herself, itself, themselves) has a special form, used only in these senses, and declined alike in the singular and plural.

SINGULAR AND PLURAL
    Gen. suī Acc. sē
    Dat. sibi Abl. sē

  EXAMPLES
    «Puer sē videt», the boy sees himself
    «Puella sē videt», the girl sees herself
    «Animal sē videt», the animal sees itself
    «Iī sē vident», they see themselves

a. The form «sē» is sometimes doubled, «sēsē», for emphasis.

3. Give the Latin for

I teach myself We teach ourselves You teach yourself You teach yourselves He teaches himself They teach themselves

«282.» The preposition «cum», when used with the ablative of «ego», «tū», or «suī», is appended to the form, as, «mēcum», with me; «tēcum», with you; «nōbīscum», with us; etc.

«283.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 294.

I. 1. Mea māter est cāra mihi et tua māter est cāra tibi. 2. Vestrae litterae erant grātae nōbis et nostrae litterae erant grātae vōbīs. 3. Nūntius rēgis quī nōbīscum est nihil respondēbit. 4. Nūntiī pācem amīcitiamque sibi et suīs sociīs postulāvērunt. 5. Sī tū arma sūmēs, ego rēgnum occupābō. 6. Uter vestrum est cīvis Rōmānus? Neuter nostrum. 7. Eō tempore multī supplicium dedērunt quia rēgnum petierant. 8. Sūme supplicium, Caesar, dē hostibus patriae ācribus. 9. Prīmā lūce aliī metū commōtī sēsē fugae mandāvērunt; aliī autem magnā virtūte impetum exercitūs nostrī sustinuērunt. 10. Soror rēgis, ubi dē adversō proeliō audīvit, sēsē Pompēiīs interfēcit.

II. 1. Whom do you teach? I teach myself. 2. The soldier wounded himself with his sword. 3. The master praises us, but you he does not praise. 4. Therefore he will inflict punishment on you, but we shall not suffer punishment. 5. Who will march (i.e. make a march) with me to Rome? 6. I will march with you to the gates of the city. 7. Who will show us[1] the way? The gods will show you[1] the way.

[Footnote 1: Not accusative.]

DAED´ALUS AND IC´ARUS (Concluded)

«284.» Puer Īcarus ūnā[2] stābat et mīrum patris opus vidēbat. Postquam manus ultima[3] ālīs imposita est, Daedalus eās temptāvit et similis avī in aurās volāvit. Tum ālās umerīs fīlī adligāvit et docuit eum volāre et dīxit, “Tē vetō, mī fīlī, adpropinquāre aut sōlī aut marī. Sī fluctibus adpropinquāveris,[4] aqua ālīs tuīs nocēbit, et sī sōlī adpropinquāveris,[4] ignis eās cremābit.” Tum pater et filius iter difficile incipiunt. Ālās movent et aurae sēsē committunt. Sed stultus puer verbīs patris nōn pāret. Sōlī adpropinquat. Ālae cremantur et Īcarus in mare dēcidit et vitam āmittit. Daedalus autem sine ūllō perīculō trāns fluctūs ad īnsulam Siciliam volāvit.

[Footnote 2: Adverb, see vocabulary.]

[Footnote 3: «manus ultima», the finishing touch. What literally?]

[Footnote 4: Future perfect. Translate by the present.]

LESSON L THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN IPSE AND THE DEMONSTRATIVE ĪDEM

[Special Vocabulary]

«corpus, corporis», n., body (corporal) «dēnsus, -a, -um», dense «īdem, e´adem, idem», demonstrative pronoun, the same (identity) «ipse, ipsa, ipsum», intensive pronoun, self; even, very «mīrus, -a, -um», wonderful, marvelous (miracle) «ōlim», adv., formerly, once upon a time «pars, partis (-ium)», f., part, region, direction «quoque», adv., also. Stands after the word which it emphasizes «sōl, sōlis», m., sun (solar) «vērus, -a, -um», true, real (verity)

«dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus», owe, ought (debt) «ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptus», snatch from

«285.» «Ipse» means -self (him-self, her-self, etc.) or is translated by even or very. It is used to emphasize a noun or pronoun, expressed or understood, with which it agrees like an adjective.

a. «Ipse» must be carefully distinguished from the reflexive «suī». The latter is always used as a pronoun, while «ipse» is regularly adjective. Compare

      «Homō sē videt», the man sees himself (reflexive)
      «Homō ipse perīculum videt»,
        the man himself (intensive) sees the danger
      «Homō ipsum perīculum videt»,
        the man sees the danger itself (intensive)

«286.» Except for the one form «ipse», the intensive pronoun is declined exactly like the nine irregular adjectives (cf. §§108, 109). Learn the declension (§481).

«287.» The demonstrative «īdem», meaning the same, is a compound of «is». It is declined as follows:

SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. Nom. īdem e´adem idem Gen. eius´dem eius´dem eius´dem Dat. eī´dem eī´dem eī´dem Acc. eun´dem ean´dem idem Abl. eō´dem eā´dem eō´dem

          PLURAL
  Nom. iī´dem eae´dem e´adem
            eī´dem
  Gen. eōrun´dem eārun´dem eōrun´dem
  Dat. iīs´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem
            eīs´dem eīs´dem eīs´dem
  Acc. eōs´dem eās´dem e´adem
  Abl. iīs´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem
            eīs´dem eīs´dem eīs´dem

    a. From forms like «eundem» (eum + -dem), «eōrundem» (eōrum
    + -dem), we learn the rule that «m» before «d» is changed to «n».

b. The forms «iīdem», «iīsdem» are often spelled and pronounced with one «ī».

«288.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 295.

I. 1. Ego et tū[1] in eādem urbe vīvimus. 2. Iter ipsum nōn timēmus sed ferās saevās quae in silvā dēnsā esse dīcuntur. 3. Ōlim nōs ipsī idem iter fēcimus. 4. Eō tempore multās ferās vīdimus. 5. Sed nōbīs nōn nocuērunt. 6. Caesar ipse scūtum dē manibus mīlitis ēripuit et in ipsam aciem properāvit. 7. Itaque mīlitēs summā virtūte tēla in hostium corpora iēcērunt. 8. Rōmānī quoque gravia vulnera accēpērunt. 9. Dēnique hostēs terga vertērunt et ommīs in partīs[2] fūgērunt. 10. Eādem hōrā litterae Rōmam ab imperātōre ipsō missae sunt. 11. Eōdem mēnse captīvī quoque in Italiam missī sunt. 12. Sed multī propter vulnera iter difficile trāns montīs facere recūsābant et Genāvae esse dīcēbantur.

II. 1. At Pompeii there is a wonderful mountain. 2. When I was in that place, I myself saw that mountain. 3. On the same day many cities were destroyed by fire and stones from that very mountain. 4. You have not heard the true story of that calamity, have you?[3] 5. On that day the very sun could not give light to men. 6. You yourself ought to tell (to) us that story.

[Footnote 1: Observe that in Latin we say I and you, not you and I.]

[Footnote 2: Not parts, but directions.]

[Footnote 3: Cf. §210.]

«289.» HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE[4]

Tarquinius Superbus, septimus et ultimus rēx Rōmānōrum, ubi in exsilium ab īrātīs Rōmānīs ēiectus est, ā Porsenā, rēge Etrūscōrum, auxilium petiit. Mox Porsena magnīs cum cōpiīs Rōmam vēnit, et ipsa urbs summō in perīculō erat. Omnibus in partibus exercitus Rōmānus victus erat. Iam rēx montem Iāniculum[5] occupāverat. Numquam anteā Rōmānī tantō metū tenēbantur. Ex agrīs in urbem properabānt et summō studiō urbem ipsam mūniēbant.

    [Footnote 4: The story of Horatius has been made familiar by
    Macaulay’s well-known poem “Horatius” in his Lays of Ancient Rome.
    Read the poem in connection with this selection.]

    [Footnote 5: The Janiculum is a high hill across the Tiber from
    Rome.]

LESSON LI THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS HIC, ISTE, ILLE

[Special Vocabulary]

  «hic, haec, hoc», demonstrative pronoun, this (of mine);
    he, she, it
  «ille, illa, illud», demonstrative pronoun that (yonder);
    he, she, it
  «invīsus, -a, -um», hateful, detested, with dative Cf. §143
  «iste, ista, istud», demonstrative pronoun, that (of yours);
    he, she, it
  «lībertās, -ātis»,