Latin for Beginners, Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge [easy novels to read .TXT] 📗
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«cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus», learn;
in the perfect tenses, know (re-cognize)
«cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus», collect; compel (cogent)
«dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsus», defend
«incendō, incendere, incendī, incēnsus», set fire to, burn
(incendiary). Cf. «cremō»
«obtineō, obtinēre, obtinuī, obtentus», possess, occupy, hold
(obtain)
«perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventus», come through, arrive
«327.» The Latin numeral adjectives may be classified as follows:
1. «Cardinal Numerals», answering the question how many? as, «ūnus», one; «duo», two; etc.
2. «Ordinal Numerals», derived in most cases from the cardinals and answering the question in what order? as, «prīmus», first; «secundus», second; etc.
3. «Distributive Numerals», answering the question how many at a time? as, «singulī», one at a time.
«328.» «The Cardinal Numerals.» The first twenty of the cardinals are as follows:
1, «ūnus» 6, «sex» 11, «ūndecim» 16, «sēdecim» 2, «duo» 7, «septem» 12, «duodecim» 17, «septendecim» 3, «trēs» 8, «octō» 13, «tredecim» 18, «duodēvīgintī» 4, «quattuor» 9, «novem» 14, «quattuordecim» 19, «ūndēvīgintī» 5, «quīnque» 10, «decem» 15, «quīndecim» 20, «vīgintī»
a. Learn also «centum» = 100, «ducentī» = 200, «mīlle» = 1000.
«329.» «Declension of the Cardinals.» Of the cardinals only «ūnus», «duo», «trēs», the hundreds above one hundred, and «mīlle» used as a noun, are declinable.
a. «ūnus» is one of the nine irregular adjectives, and is declined like «nūllus» (cf. §§109, 470). The plural of «ūnus» is used to agree with a plural noun of a singular meaning, as, «ūna castra», one camp; and with other nouns in the sense of only, as, «Gallī ūnī», only the Gauls.
b. Learn the declension of «duo», two; «trēs», three; and «mīlle», a thousand. (§479.)
c. The hundreds above one hundred are declined like the plural of
«bonus»; as,
ducentī, -ae, -a
ducentōrum, -ārum, -ōrum
etc. etc. etc.
«330.» We have already become familiar with sentences like the following:
«Omnium avium aquila est vēlōcissima»
Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest
«Hoc ōrāculum erat omnium clārissimum»
This oracle was the most famous of all
In such sentences the genitive denotes the whole, and the word it modifies denotes a part of that whole. Such a genitive, denoting the whole of which a part is taken, is called a «partitive genitive».
«331.» RULE. «Partitive Genitive.» Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole, known as the «partitive genitive».
a. Words denoting a part are especially pronouns, numerals, and other adjectives. But cardinal numbers excepting «mīlle» regularly take the ablative with «ex» or «dē» instead of the partitive genitive.
b. «Mīlle», a thousand, in the singular is usually an indeclinable adjective (as, «mīlle mīlitēs», a thousand soldiers), but in the plural it is a declinable noun and takes the partitive genitive (as, «decem mīlia mīlitum», ten thousand soldiers).
EXAMPLES: «Fortissimī hōrum sunt Germānī»
The bravest of these are the Germans
«Decem mīlia hostium interfecta sunt»
Ten thousand (lit. thousands) of the enemy were slain
«Ūna ex captīvīs erat soror rēgis»
One of the captives was the king’s sister
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297.
I. 1. Caesar maximam partem aedificiōrum incendit. 2. Magna pars mūnītiōnis aquā flūminis dēlēta est. 3. Gallī huius regiōnis quīnque mīlia hominum coēgerant. 4. Duo ex meīs frātribus eundem rūmōrem audīvērunt. 5. Quis Rōmānōrum erat clarior Caesare? 6. Quīnque cohortēs ex illā legiōne castra quam fortissimē dēfendēbant. 7. Hic locus aberat aequō spatiō[1] ab castrīs Caesaris et castrīs Germānōrum. 8. Caesar simul atque pervēnit, plūs commeātūs ab sociīs postulāvit. 9. Nōnne mercātōrēs magnitūdinem īnsulae cognōverant? Longitūdinem sed nōn lātitūdinem cognōverant. 10. Paucī hostium obtinēbant collem quem explōrātōrēs nostrī vīdērunt.
II. 1. I have two brothers, and one of them lives at Rome. 2. Cæsar stormed that very town with three legions. 3. In one hour he destroyed a great part of the fortification. 4. When the enemy could no longer[2] defend the gates, they retreated to a hill which was not far distant.[3] 5. There three thousand of them bravely resisted the Romans.[4]
[Footnote 1: Ablative of the measure of difference.]
[Footnote 2: Not «longius». Why?]
[Footnote 3: Latin, was distant by a small space.]
[Footnote 4: Not the accusative.]
LESSON LIXNUMERALS (Continued) · THE ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT
[Special Vocabulary]
«agmen, agminis», n., line of march, column;
«prīmum agmen», the van;
«novissimum agmen», the rear
«atque», «ac», conj., and; «atque» is used before vowels and
consonants, «ac» before consonants only. Cf. «et» and «-que»
«concilium, conci´lī», n., council, assembly
«Helvētiī, -ōrum», m., the Helvetii, a Gallic tribe
«passus, passūs», m., a pace, five Roman feet;
«mīlle passuum», a thousand (of) paces, a Roman mile
«quā dē causā», for this reason, for what reason
«vāllum, -ī», n., earth-works, rampart
«cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrus», fall (decadence)
«dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditus», surrender, give up;
with a reflexive pronoun, surrender one’s self, submit, with the
dative of the indirect object
«premō, premere, pressī, pressus», press hard, harass
«vexō, vexāre, vexāvī, vexātus», annoy, ravage (vex)
«333.» Learn the first twenty of the ordinal numerals (§478). The ordinals are all declined like «bonus».
«334.» The distributive numerals are declined like the plural of «bonus». The first three are
«singulī, -ae, -a», one each, one by one «bīnī, -ae, -a», two each, two by two «ternī, -ae, -a», three each, three by three
«335.» We have learned that, besides its use as object, the accusative is used to express space relations not covered by the ablative. We have had such expressions as «per plūrimōs annōs», for a great many years; «per tōtum diem», for a whole day. Here the space relation is one of extent of time. We could also say «per decem pedēs», for ten feet, where the space relation is one of extent of space. While this is correct Latin, the usual form is to use the accusative with no preposition, as,
«Vir tōtum diem cucurrit», the man ran for a whole day
«Caesar mūrum decem pedēs mōvit», Cæsar moved the wall ten feet
«336.» RULE. «Accusative of Extent.» Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the accusative.
a. This accusative answers the questions how long? how far?
b. Distinguish carefully between the accusative of time how long and the ablative of time when, or within which.
Select the accusatives of time and space and the ablatives of time in the following:
When did the general arrive? He arrived at two o’clock. How long had he been marching? For four days. How far did he march? He marched sixty-five miles. Where has he pitched his camp? Three miles from the river, and he will remain there several days. The wall around the camp is ten feet high. When did the war begin? In the first year after the king’s death.
«337.» EXERCISESFirst learn the special vocabulary, p. 298.
I. Cæsar in Gaul. Caesar bellum in Gallia septem annōs gessit. Prīmō annō Helvētiōs vīcit, et eōdem annō multae Germanōrum gentēs eī sēsē dēdidērunt. Multōs iam annōs Germānī Gallōs vexabant[1] et ducēs Germānī cōpiās suās trāns Rhēnum saepe trādūcēbant.[1] Nōn singulī veniēbant, sed multa milia hominum in Galliam contendēbant. Quā dē causā prīncipēs Galliae concilium convocāvērunt atque statuērunt legates ad Caesarem mittere. Caesar, simul atque hunc rūmōrem audīvit, cōpiās suās sine morā coēgit. Primā lūce fortiter cum Germanīs proelium commīsit. Tōtum diem ācriter pugnātum est. Caesar ipse ā dextrō cornū acicm dūxit. Magna pars exercitūs Germānī cecidit. Post magnam caedem paucī multa milia passuum ad flūmen fūgērunt.
II. 1. Cæsar pitched camp two miles from the river. 2. He fortified the camp with a ditch fifteen feet wide and a rampart nine feet high. 3. The camp of the enemy was a great way off (was distant by a great space). 4. On the next day he hastened ten miles in three hours. 5. Suddenly the enemy with all their forces made an attack upon («in» with acc.) the rear. 6. For two hours the Romans were hard pressed by the barbarians. 7. In three hours the barbarians were fleeing.
[Footnote 1: Translate as if pluperfect.]
LESSON LX DEPONENT VERBS[Special Vocabulary]
«aut», conj., or; «aut … aut», either … or
«causā», abl. of «causa», for the sake of, because of. Always stands
after the gen. which modifies it
«ferē», adv., nearly, almost
«opīniō, -ōnis», f., opinion, supposition, expectation
«rēs frūmentāria, reī frūmentāriae», f. (lit. the grain affair),
grain supply
«timor, -ōris», m., fear. Cf. «timeō»
«undique», adv., from all sides
«cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum», attempt, try
«ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum», move out, disembark;
«prōgredior», move forward, advance (egress, progress)
«moror, morārī, morātus sum», delay
«orior, orirī, ortus sum», arise, spring; begin; be born (from)
(origin)
«proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum», set out
«revertor, revertī, reversus sum», return (revert). The forms of
this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect
system. Perf. act., «revertī»
«sequor, sequī, secūtus sum», follow (sequence). Note the following
compounds of «sequor» and the force of the different prefixes:
«cōnsequor» (follow with), overtake;
«īnsequor» (follow against), pursue;
«subsequor» (follow under), follow close after
«338.» A number of verbs are passive in form but active in meaning; as, «hortor», I encourage; «vereor», I fear. Such verbs are called «deponent» because they have laid aside («dē-pōnere», to lay aside) the active forms.
a. Besides having all the forms of the passive, deponent verbs have also the future active infinitive and a few other active forms which will be noted later. (Sec§§375, 403.b.)
«339.» The principal parts of deponents are of course passive in form, as,
Conj. I «hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum», encourage
Conj. II «vereor, verērī, veritus sum», fear
Conj. III (a) «sequor, sequī, secūtus sum», follow
(b) «patior, patī, passus sum», suffer, allow
Conj. IV «partior, partīrī, partītus sum», share, divide
Learn the synopses of these verbs. (See §493.) «Patior» is conjugated like the passive of «capiō» (§492).
«340.» PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVEThe prepositions with the accusative that occur most frequently are
«ante», before «apud», among «circum», around «contrā», against, contrary to «extrā», outside of «in», into, in, against, upon «inter», between, among «intrā», within «ob», on account of («quam ob rem», wherefore, therefore) «per», through, by means of «post», after, behind «propter», on account of, because of «trāns», across, over
a. Most of these you have had before. Review the old ones and learn the new ones. Review the list of prepositions governing the ablative, §209.
«341.» EXERCISESFirst learn the special vocabulary, p. 298.
I. 1. Trēs ex lēgātīs, contrā Caesaris opīniōnem, iter facere per hostium fīnīs verēbantur. 2. Quis eōs hortātus est? Imperātor eōs hortātus est et iīs persuādēre cōnātus est, sed nōn potuit. 3. Quid lēgātōs perterruit? Aut timor hostium, quī undique premēbant, aut longitūdō viae eōs perterruit. 4. Tamen omnēs ferē
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