Latin for Beginners, Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge [easy novels to read .TXT] 📗

CONJ. III CONJ. IV
     PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE
     SINGULAR
  1. amā´tus sim mo´nitus sim rēc´tus sim cap´tus sim audī´tus sim
  2. amā´tus sīs mo´nitus sīs rēc´tus sīs cap´tus sīs audī´tus sīs
  3. amā´tus sit mo´nitus sit rēc´tus sit cap´tus sit audī´tus sit

     PLURAL
  1. amā´tī sīmus mo´nitī s. rēc´tī s. cap´tī s. audī´tī s.
  2. amā´tī sītis mo´nitī s. rēc´tī s. cap´tī s. audī´tī s.
  3. amā´tī sint mo´nitī sint rēc´tī sint cap´tī sint audī´tī sint

«363.» The passive of the pluperfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with «essem», the imperfect subjunctive of «sum».

     CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
     PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE
     SINGULAR
  1. amātus essem monitus essem rēctus essem captus e. audītus e.
  2. amātus essēs monitus essēs rēctus essēs captus e. audītus e.
  3. amātus esset monitus esset rēctus esset captus e. audītus e.

     PLURAL
  1. amātī essēmus monitī essēmus rēctī essēmus captī e. audītī e.
  2. amātī essētis monitī essētis rēctī essētis captī e. audītī e.
  3. amātī essent monitī essent rēctī essent captī e. audītī e.

    a. In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive
    passive of «cūrō», «iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō.»

«364.» The perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb «sum» are inflected as follows:

PERFECT PLUPERFECT fu´erim fue´rimus fuis´sem fuissē´mus fu´eris fue´ritis fuis´sēs fuissē´tis fu´erit fu´erint fuis´set fuis´sent

«365.» A substantive clause is a clause used like a noun, as,

That the men are afraid is clear enough (clause as subject) He ordered them to call on him (clause as object)

We have already had many instances of infinitive clauses used in this way (cf. §213), and have noted the similarity between Latin and English usage in this respect. But the Latin often uses the subjunctive in substantive clauses, and this marks an important difference between the two languages.

«366.» RULE. «Substantive Clauses of Purpose.» A substantive clause of purpose with the subjunctive is used as the object of verbs of «commanding», «urging», «asking», «persuading», or «advising», where in English we should usually have the infinitive.

EXAMPLES

  1. The general ordered the soldiers to run
       «Imperātor mīlitibus imperāvit ut currerent»
  2. He urged them to resist bravely
       «Hortātus est ut fortiter resisterent»
  3. He asked them to give the children food
       «Petīvit ut līberīs cibum darent»
  4. He will persuade us not to set out
       «Nōbīs persuādēbit nē proficīscāmur»
  5. He advises us to remain at home
       «Monet ut domī maneāmus»

a. The object clauses following these verbs all express the purpose or will of the principal subject that something be done or not done. (Cf. §348.)

«367.» The following verbs are used with object clauses of purpose. Learn the list and the principal parts of the new ones.

  «hortor», urge
  «imperō», order (with the dative of the person ordered and a
    subjunctive clause of the thing ordered done)
  «moneō», advise
  «petō», «quaerō», «rogō», ask, seek
  «persuādeō», persuade (with the same construction as imperō)
  «postulō», demand, require
  «suādeō», advise (cf. «persuādeō»)

N.B. Remember that «iubeō», order, takes the infinitive as in English.
(Cf. §213.1.) Compare the sentences

  «Iubeō eum venīre», I order him to come
  «Imperō eī ut veniat», I give orders to him that he is to come

We ordinarily translate both of these sentences like the first, but the difference in meaning between iubeō and imperō in the Latin requires the infinitive in the one case and the subjunctive in the other.

«368.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Petit atque hortātur ut ipse dīcat. 2. Caesar Helvētiīs imperrāvit nē per prōvinciam iter facerent. 3. Caesar nōn iussit Helvētiōs per prōvinciam iter facere. 4. Ille cīvibus persuāsit ut dē fīnibus suīs discēderent. 5. Caesar prīncipēs monēbit nē proelium committant. 6. Postulāvit nē cum Helvētiīs aut cum eōrum sociīs bellum gererent. 7. Ab iīs quaesīvī nē proficīscerentur. 8. Iīs persuādēre nōn potuī ut domī manērent.

II. 1. Who ordered Cæsar to make the march? (Write this sentence both with «imperō» and with «iubeō».) 2. The faithless scouts persuaded him to set out at daybreak. 3. They will ask him not to inflict punishment. 4. He demanded that they come to the camp. 5. He advised them to tell everything («omnia»).

NOTE. Do not forget that the English infinitive expressing purpose must be rendered by a Latin subjunctive. Review §352.

[Illustration: LEGIO ITER FACIT]

LESSON LXV THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF POSSUM · VERBS OF FEARING

«369.» Learn the subjunctive of «possum» (§495), and note especially the position of the accent.

«370.» «Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing.» We have learned that what we want done or not done is expressed in Latin by a subjunctive clause of purpose. In this class belong also clauses after verbs of fearing, for we fear either that something will happen or that it will not, and we either want it to happen or we do not. If we want a thing to happen and fear that it will not, the purpose clause is introduced by «ut». If we do not want it to happen and fear that it will, «nē» is used. Owing to a difference between the English and Latin idiom we translate «ut» after a verb of fearing by that not, and «nē» by that or lest.

«371.» EXAMPLES

«timeō» } { «veniat» «timēbō» } «ut» { «timuerō» } { «vēnerit»

I fear, shall fear, shall have feared, that he will not come, has not come

«timēbam» } { «venīret» «timuī» } «ut» { «timueram» } { «vēnisset»

I was fearing, feared, had feared, that he would not come, had not come

The same examples with «nē» instead of «ut» would be translated I fear that or lest he will come, has come, etc.

«372.» RULE. «Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing.» Verbs of fearing are followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by «ut» («that not») or «nē» («that» or «lest»).

«373.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Caesar verēbātur ut supplicium captīvōrum Gallīs placēret. 2. Rōmānī ipsī magnopere verēbantur nē Helvētiī iter per prōvinciam facerent. 3. Timēbant ut satis reī frūmentāriae mittī posset. 4. Vereor ut hostium impetum sustinēre possim. 5. Timuit nē impedīmenta ab hostibus capta essent. 6. Caesar numquam timuit nē legiōnēs vincerentur. 7. Legiōnēs pugnāre nōn timuērunt.[1]

II. 1. We fear that they are not coming. 2. We fear lest they are coming. 3. We feared that they had come. 4. We feared that they had not come. 5. They feared greatly that the camp could not be defended. 6. Almost all feared[1] to leave the camp.

[Footnote 1: Distinguish between what one is afraid to do (complementary infinitive as here) and what one is afraid will take place or has taken place (substantive clause with the subjunctive).]

LESSON LXVI THE PARTICIPLES

«374.» The Latin verb has the following Participles:[1]

  [Transcriber’s Note:
  For reasons of space, this table is given in two forms: first a
  reduced version without translation, and then the complete text,
  including translations, split into two elements.]

            CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
            ACTIVE
  PRESENT amāns monēns regēns capiēns audiēns
  FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus

            PASSIVE
  PERFECT amātus monitus rēctus captus audītus
  FUTURE[2] amandus monendus regendus capiendus audiendus

            CONJ. I CONJ. II
            ACTIVE
  PRESENT amāns monēns
              loving advising
  FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus
              about to love about to advise

            PASSIVE
  PERFECT amātus monitus
              loved, having advised, having been advised
              been loved
  FUTURE[2] amandus monendus
              to be loved to be advised

            CONJ. III CONJ. IV
            ACTIVE
  PRESENT regēns capiēns audiēns
              ruling taking hearing
  FUTURE rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus
              about to rule about to take about to hear

            PASSIVE
  PERFECT rēctus captus audītus
              ruled, having taken, having heard, havinh
              been ruled been taken been heard
  FUTURE[2] regendus capiendus audiendus
              to be ruled to be taken to be heard

[Footnote 1: Review §203.]

[Footnote 2: The future passive participle is often called the gerundive.]

a. The present active and future passive participles are formed from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive participles are formed from the participial stem.

b. The present active participle is formed by adding «-ns» to the present stem. In «-iō» verbs of the third conjugation, and in the fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of «-ē-», as «capi-ē-ns», «audi-ē-ns». It is declined like an adjective of one ending of the third declension. (Cf. §256.)

         «amāns», loving
         BASE «amant-» STEM «amanti-»
         SINGULAR PLURAL
         MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
  Nom. amāns amāns amantēs amantia
  Gen. amantis amantis amantium amantium
  Dat. amantī amantī amantibus amantibus
  Acc. amantem amāns