Latin for Beginners, Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge [easy novels to read .TXT] 📗

Caesarem multō magis quam hostīs veritī sunt. 5. Fortissimae gentēs Galliae ex Germānīs oriēbantur. 6. Quam ob rem tam fortēs erant? Quia nec vīnum nec alia quae virtūtem dēlent ad sē portārī patiēbantur. 7. Caesar ex mercātōribus dē īnsulā Britanniā quaesīvit, sed nihil cognōscere potuit. 8. Itaque ipse statuit hanc terram petere, et mediā ferē aestāte cum multīs nāvibus longīs profectus est. 9. Magnā celeritāte iter confēcit et in opportūnissimō locō ēgressus est. 10. Barbarī summīs vīribus eum ab īnsulā prohibēre cōnātī sunt. 11. Ille autem barbarōs multa mīlia passuum īnsecūtus est; tamen sine equitātū eōs cōnsequī nōn potuit.

II. 1. Contrary to our expectation, the enemy fled and the cavalry followed close after them. 2. From all parts of the multitude the shouts arose of those who were being wounded. 3. Cæsar did not allow the cavalry to pursue too far.[1] 4. The cavalry set out at the first hour and was returning[2] to camp at the fourth hour. 5. Around the Roman camp was a rampart twelve feet high. 6. Cæsar will delay three days because of the grain supply. 7. Nearly all the lieutenants feared the enemy and attempted to delay the march.

[Footnote 1: Comparative of «longē».]

[Footnote 2: Will this be a deponent or an active form?]

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«Seventh Review, Lessons LIII-LX, §§524-526»

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[Illustration]

PART III CONSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The preceding part of this book has been concerned chiefly with forms and vocabulary. There remain still to be learned the forms of the Subjunctive Mood, the Participles, and the Gerund of the regular verb, and the conjugation of the commoner irregular verbs. These will be taken up in connection with the study of constructions, which will be the chief subject of our future work. The special vocabularies of the preceding lessons contain, exclusive of proper names, about six hundred words. As these are among the commonest words in the language, they must be mastered. They properly form the basis of the study of words, and will be reviewed and used with but few additions in the remaining lessons.

For practice in reading and to illustrate the constructions presented, a continued story has been prepared and may be begun at this point (see p. 204). It has been divided into chapters of convenient length to accompany progress through the lessons, but may be read with equal profit after the lessons are finished. The story gives an account of the life and adventures of Publius Cornelius Lentulus, a Roman boy, who fought in Cæsar’s campaigns and shared in his triumph. The colored plates illustrating the story are faithful representations of ancient life and are deserving of careful study.

LESSON LXI THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

«342.» In addition to the indicative, imperative, and infinitive moods, which you have learned, Latin has a fourth mood called the subjunctive. The tenses of the subjunctive are

PRESENT } IMPERFECT } ACTIVE AND PASSIVE PERFECT } PLUPERFECT }

«343.» The tenses of the subjunctive have the same time values as the corresponding tenses of the indicative, and, in addition, each of them may refer to future time. No meanings of the tenses will be given in the paradigms, as the translation varies with the construction used.

«344.» The present subjunctive is inflected as follows:

     CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
     ACTIVE VOICE
     SINGULAR
  1. a´mem mo´neam re´gam ca´piam au´diam
  2. a´mēs mo´neās re´gās ca´piās au´diās
  3. a´met mo´neat re´gat ca´piat au´diat

     PLURAL
  1. amē´mus moneā´mus regā´mus capiā´mus audiā´mus
  2. amē´tis moneā´tis regā´tis capiā´tis audiā´tis
  3. a´ment mo´neant re´gant ca´piant au´diant

     PASSIVE VOICE
     SINGULAR
  1. a´mer mo´near re´gar ca´piar au´diar
  2. amē´ris moneā´ris regā´ris capiā´ris audiā´ris
        (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re)
  3. amē´tur moneā´tur regā´tur capiā´tur audiā´tur

     PLURAL
  1. amē´mur moneā´mur regā´mur capiā´mur audiā´mur
  2. amē´minī moneā´minī regā´minī capiā´minī audiā´minī
  3. amen´tur monean´tur regan´tur capian´tur audian´tur

a. The present subjunctive is formed from the present stem.

b. The mood sign of the present subjunctive is «-ē-» in the first conjugation and «-ā-» in the others. It is shortened in the usual places (cf. §12), and takes the place of the final vowel of the stem in the first and third conjugations, but not in the second and fourth.

c. The personal endings are the same as in the indicative.

d. In a similar way inflect the present subjunctive of «cūrō», «iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō».

«345.» The present subjunctive of the irregular verb «sum» is inflected as follows:

        { 1. sim { 1. sīmus
  SING. { 2. sīs PLURAL { 2. sītis
        { 3. sit { 3. sint

«346.» «The Indicative and Subjunctive Compared.»

1. The two most important of the finite moods are the indicative and the subjunctive. The indicative deals with facts either real or assumed. If, then, we wish to assert something as a fact or to inquire after a fact, we use the indicative.

2. On the other hand, if we wish to express a desire or wish, a purpose, a possibility, an expectation, or some such notion, we must use the subjunctive. The following sentences illustrate the difference between the indicative and the subjunctive ideas.

INDICATIVE IDEAS SUBJUNCTIVE IDEAS

  1. He is brave 1. May he be brave
       «Fortis est» «Fortis sit» (idea of wishing)
  2. We set out at once 2. Let us set out at once
       «Statim proficīscimur» «Statim proficīscāmur»
                                          (idea of willing)
  3. You hear him every day 3. You can hear him every day
       «Cotīdiē eum audīs» «Cotīdiē eum audiās»
                                           (idea of possibility)
  4. He remained until the ship 4. He waited until the ship
         arrived should arrive
       «Mānsit dum nāvis pervēnit» «Exspectāvit dum nāvis
                                             pervenīret»[1]
                                          (idea of expectation)
  5. Cæsar sends men who find the 5. Cæsar sends men
       bridge who are to find
                                          (or to find) the bridge
       «Caesar mittit hominēs quī» «Caesar hominēs mittit quī»
         «pontem reperiunt» «pontem reperiant»
                                          (idea of purpose)

[Footnote 1: «pervenīret», imperfect subjunctive.]

NOTE. From the sentences above we observe that the subjunctive may be used in either independent or dependent clauses; but it is far more common in the latter than in the former.

«347.» EXERCISE

Which verbs in the following paragraph would be in the indicative and which in the subjunctive in a Latin translation?

There have been times in the history of our country when you might be proud of being an American citizen. Do you remember the day when Dewey sailed into Manila Bay to capture or destroy the enemy’s fleet? You might have seen the admiral standing on the bridge calmly giving his orders. He did not even wait until the mines should be removed from the harbor’s mouth, but sailed in at once. Let us not despair of our country while such valor exists, and may the future add new glories to the past.

LESSON LXII THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE

«348.» Observe the sentence

«Caesar hominēs mittit quī pontem reperiant», Cæsar sends men to find the bridge

The verb «reperiant» in the dependent clause is in the subjunctive because it tells us what Cæsar wants the men to do; in other words, it expresses his will and the purpose in his mind. Such a use of the subjunctive is called the subjunctive of purpose.

«349.» RULE. «Subjunctive of Purpose.» The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal clause.

«350.» A clause of purpose is introduced as follows:

I. If something is wanted, by

  «quī», the relative pronoun (as above)
  «ut», conj., in order that, that
  «quō» (abl. of «quī», by which), in order that, that, used when
    the purpose clause contains a comparative. The ablative «quō»
    expresses the measure of difference. (Cf. §317.)

II. If something is not wanted, by

«nē», conj., in order that not, that not, lest

«351.» EXAMPLES

  1. «Caesar cōpiās cōgit quibus hostīs īnsequātur»
    Cæsar collects troops with which to pursue the foe

  2. «Pācem petunt ut domum revertantur»
    They ask for peace in order that they may return home

3. «Pontem faciunt quō facilius oppidum capiant» They build a bridge that they may take the town more easily (lit. by which the more easily)

4. «Fugiunt nē vulnerentur» They flee that they may not (or lest they) be wounded

«352.» «Expression of Purpose in English.» In English, purpose clauses are sometimes introduced by that or in order that, but much more frequently purpose is expressed in English by the infinitive, as We eat to live, She stoops to conquer. In Latin prose, on the other hand, «purpose is never expressed by the infinitive». Be on your guard and do not let the English idiom betray you into this error.

«353.» EXERCISES

I.
  1. Veniunt ut { dūcant, mittant, videant, audiant,
                        { dūcantur, mittantur, videantur, audiantur.
  2. Fugimus nē