Latin for Beginners, Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge [easy novels to read .TXT] 📗

amantīs amantia
                                      or -ēs
  Abl. amantī amantī amantibus amantibus
           or -e or -e

(1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in «-ī»; when used as a participle or as a substantive, in «-e».

(2) In a similar way decline «monēns», «regēns», «capiēns», «audiēns».

c. The future active participle is formed by adding «-ūrus» to the base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined with «esse» to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. §206.)

d. For the perfect passive participle see §201. The future passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding «-ndus» to the present stem.

e. All participles in «-us» are declined like «bonus».

f. Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives.

g. Give all the participles of the following verbs: «cūrō», «iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō».

«375.» «Participles of Deponent Verbs.» Deponent verbs have the participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently every deponent verb has four participles, as,

                Pres. Act. «hortāns», urging
                 Fut. Act. «hortātūrus», about to urge
     Perf. Pass. (in form) «hortātus», having urged
  Fut. Pass. (Gerundive) «hortandus», to be urged

a. Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is passive in form but active in meaning. No other verbs have a perfect active participle. On the other hand, the future passive participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other verbs.

b. Give the participles of «cōnor», «vereor», «sequor», «patior», «partior».

«376.» «Tenses of the Participle.» The tenses express time as follows:

1. The present active participle corresponds to the English present active participle in -ing, but can be used only of an action occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as, «mīlitēs īnsequentēs cēpērunt multōs», the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many. Here the pursuing and the capturing are going on together.

2. The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly passive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without the auxiliary having been; as, «audītus», heard or having been heard.

3. The future active participle, translated about to, etc., denotes time after the action of the main verb.

«377.» Review §§203, 204, and, note the following model sentences:

1. «Mīlitēs currentēs erant dēfessī», the soldiers who were running (lit. running) were weary.

  2. «Caesar profectūrus Rōmam nōn exspectāvit», Cæsar, when about to
  set out (lit. about to set out) for Rome, did not wait.

3. «Oppidum captum vīdimus», we saw the town which had been captured (lit. captured town).

4. «Imperātor trīduum morātus profectus est», the general, since (when, or after) he had delayed (lit. the general, having delayed) three days, set out.

5. «Mīlitēs vīctī terga nōn vertērunt», the soldiers, though they were conquered (lit. the soldiers conquered), did not retreat.

In each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle is given in parentheses. We note, however, that its proper translation usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction (when, since, after, though, etc.), or a relative clause. Consider, in each case, what translation will best bring out the thought, and do not, as a rule, translate the participle literally.

«378.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Puer timēns nē capiātur fugit. 2. Aquila īrā commōta avīs reliquās interficere cōnāta erat. 3. Mīlitēs ab hostibus pressī tēla iacere nōn potuērunt. 4. Caesar decimam legiōnem laudātūrus ad prīmum agmen prōgressus est. 5. Imperātor hortātus equitēs ut fortiter pugnārent signum proeliō dedit. 6. Mīlitēs hostīs octō milia passuum īnsecūtī multīs cum captīvīs ad castra revertērunt. 7. Sōl oriēns multōs interfectōs vīdit. 8. Rōmānī cōnsilium audāx suspicātī barbaris sēsē nōn commīsērunt. 9. Nāvis ē portū ēgressa nūllō in perīculō erat.

II.[3] 1. The army was in very great danger while marching through the enemy’s country. 2. Frightened by the length of the way, they longed for home. 3. When the scouts were about to set out, they heard the shouts of victory. 4. When we had delayed many days, we set fire to the buildings and departed. 5. While living at Rome I heard orators much better than these. 6. The soldiers who are fighting across the river are no braver than we.

[Footnote 3: In this exercise use participles for the subordinate clauses.]

LESSON LXVII THE IRREGULAR VERBS VOLŌ, NŌLŌ, MĀLŌ THE ABLATIVE WITH A PARTICIPLE, OR ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE

«379.» Learn the principal parts and conjugation of «volō», wish; «nōlō» («ne» + «volō»), be unwilling; «mālō» («magis» + «volō»), be more willing, prefer (§497). Note the irregularities in the present indicative, subjunctive, and infinitive, and in the imperfect subjunctive. (Cf. §354.)

a. These verbs are usually followed by the infinitive with or without a subject accusative; as, «volunt venīre», they wish to come; «volunt amīcōs venīre», they wish their friends to come. The English usage is the same.[1]

[Footnote 1: Sometimes the subjunctive of purpose is used after these verbs. (See §366.)]

[ Conjugations given in §497:

  PRINCIPAL PARTS:
  «volō, velle, voluī», ——, be willing, will, wish
  «nōlō, nōlle, nōluī», ——, be unwilling, will not
  «mālō, mālle, māluī», ——, be more willing, prefer

  INDICATIVE
           SINGULAR
  Pres. volō nōlō mālō
           vīs nōn vis māvīs
           vult nōn vult māvult

           PLURAL
           volumus nōlumus mālumus
           vultis nōn vultis māvul´tis
           volunt nōlunt mālunt

Impf. volēbam nōlēbam mālēbam Fut. volam, volēs, etc. nōlam, nōlēs, etc. mālam, mālēs, etc. Perf. voluī nōluī māluī Plup. volueram nōlueram mālueram F.P. voluerō nōluerō māluerō

  SUBJUNCTIVE
           SINGULAR
  Pres. velim nōlim mālim
           velīs nōlīs mālīs
           velit nōlit mālit

           PLURAL
           velī´mus nōlī´mus mālī´mus
           velī´tis nōlī´tis mālī´tis
           velint nōlint mālint

Impf. vellem nōllem māllem Perf. voluerim nōluerim māluerim Plup. voluissem nōluissem māluissem

  IMPERATIVE
  Pres. nōlī
           nōlīte
  Fut. nōlītō, etc.

  INFINITIVE
  Pres. velle nōlle mālle
  Perf. voluisse nōluisse māluisse

  PARTICIPLE
  Pres. volēns, -entis nōlēns, -entis ——]

«380.» Observe the following sentences:

1. «Magistrō laudante omnēs puerī dīligenter labōrant», with the teacher praising, or since the teacher praises, or the teacher praising, all the boys labor diligently.

2. «Caesare dūcente nēmō prōgredī timet», with Cæsar leading, or when Cæsar leads, or if Cæsar leads, or Cæsar leading, no one fears to advance.

3. «His rēbus cognitīs mīlitēs fūgērunt», when this was known, or since this was known, or these things having been learned, the soldiers fled.

4. «Proeliō commissō multī vulnerātī sunt», after the battle had begun, or when the battle had begun, or the battle having been joined, many were wounded.

a. One of the fundamental ablative relations is expressed in English by the preposition with (cf. §50). In each of the sentences above we have a noun and a participle in agreement in the ablative, and the translation shows that in each instance the ablative expresses attendant circumstance. For example, in the first sentence the circumstance attending or accompanying the diligent labor of the boys is the praise of the teacher. This is clearly a with relation, and the ablative is the case to use.

b. We observe, further, that the ablative and its participle are absolutely independent grammatically of the rest of the sentence. If we were to express the thought in English in a similar way, we should use the nominative independent or absolute. In