History of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides [best free ebook reader TXT] 📗
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but see it, is just what we stand most in need of at the present
juncture.
“I suppose that no one will dispute that we went to war at first
in order to serve our own several interests, that we are now, in
view of the same interests, debating how we can make peace; and that
if we separate without having as we think our rights, we shall go to
war again. And yet, as men of sense, we ought to see that our separate
interests are not alone at stake in the present congress: there is
also the question whether we have still time to save Sicily, the whole
of which in my opinion is menaced by Athenian ambition; and we ought
to find in the name of that people more imperious arguments for
peace than any which I can advance, when we see the first power in
Hellas watching our mistakes with the few ships that she has at
present in our waters, and under the fair name of alliance
speciously seeking to turn to account the natural hostility that
exists between us. If we go to war, and call in to help us a people
that are ready enough to carry their arms even where they are not
invited; and if we injure ourselves at our own expense, and at the
same time serve as the pioneers of their dominion, we may expect, when
they see us worn out, that they will one day come with a larger
armament, and seek to bring all of us into subjection.
“And yet as sensible men, if we call in allies and court danger,
it should be in order to enrich our different countries with new
acquisitions, and not to ruin what they possess already; and we should
understand that the intestine discords which are so fatal to
communities generally, will be equally so to Sicily, if we, its
inhabitants, absorbed in our local quarrels, neglect the common enemy.
These considerations should reconcile individual with individual,
and city with city, and unite us in a common effort to save the
whole of Sicily. Nor should any one imagine that the Dorians only
are enemies of Athens, while the Chalcidian race is secured by its
Ionian blood; the attack in question is not inspired by hatred of
one of two nationalities, but by a desire for the good things in
Sicily, the common property of us all. This is proved by the
Athenian reception of the Chalcidian invitation: an ally who has never
given them any assistance whatever, at once receives from them
almost more than the treaty entitles him to. That the Athenians should
cherish this ambition and practise this policy is very excusable;
and I do not blame those who wish to rule, but those who are
over-ready to serve. It is just as much in men’s nature to rule
those who submit to them, as it is to resist those who molest them;
one is not less invariable than the other. Meanwhile all who see these
dangers and refuse to provide for them properly, or who have come here
without having made up their minds that our first duty is to unite
to get rid of the common peril, are mistaken. The quickest way to be
rid of it is to make peace with each other; since the Athenians menace
us not from their own country, but from that of those who invited them
here. In this way instead of war issuing in war, peace quietly ends
our quarrels; and the guests who come hither under fair pretences
for bad ends, will have good reason for going away without having
attained them.
“So far as regards the Athenians, such are the great advantages
proved inherent in a wise policy. Independently of this, in the face
of the universal consent, that peace is the first of blessings, how
can we refuse to make it amongst ourselves; or do you not think that
the good which you have, and the ills that you complain of, would be
better preserved and cured by quiet than by war; that peace has its
honours and splendours of a less perilous kind, not to mention the
numerous other blessings that one might dilate on, with the not less
numerous miseries of war? These considerations should teach you not to
disregard my words, but rather to look in them every one for his own
safety. If there be any here who feels certain either by right or
might to effect his object, let not this surprise be to him too severe
a disappointment. Let him remember that many before now have tried
to chastise a wrongdoer, and failing to punish their enemy have not
even saved themselves; while many who have trusted in force to gain an
advantage, instead of gaining anything more, have been doomed to
lose what they had. Vengeance is not necessarily successful because
wrong has been done, or strength sure because it is confident; but the
incalculable element in the future exercises the widest influence, and
is the most treacherous, and yet in fact the most useful of all
things, as it frightens us all equally, and thus makes us consider
before attacking each other.
“Let us therefore now allow the undefined fear of this unknown
future, and the immediate terror of the Athenians’ presence, to
produce their natural impression, and let us consider any failure to
carry out the programmes that we may each have sketched out for
ourselves as sufficiently accounted for by these obstacles, and send
away the intruder from the country; and if everlasting peace be
impossible between us, let us at all events make a treaty for as
long a term as possible, and put off our private differences to
another day. In fine, let us recognize that the adoption of my
advice will leave us each citizens of a free state, and as such
arbiters of our own destiny, able to return good or bad offices with
equal effect; while its rejection will make us dependent on others,
and thus not only impotent to repel an insult, but on the most
favourable supposition, friends to our direst enemies, and at feud
with our natural friends.
“For myself, though, as I said at first, the representative of a
great city, and able to think less of defending myself than of
attacking others, I am prepared to concede something in prevision of
these dangers. I am not inclined to ruin myself for the sake of
hurting my enemies, or so blinded by animosity as to think myself
equally master of my own plans and of fortune which I cannot
command; but I am ready to give up anything in reason. I call upon the
rest of you to imitate my conduct of your own free will, without being
forced to do so by the enemy. There is no disgrace in connections
giving way to one another, a Dorian to a Dorian, or a Chalcidian to
his brethren; above and beyond this we are neighbours, live in the
same country, are girt by the same sea, and go by the same name of
Sicilians. We shall go to war again, I suppose, when the time comes,
and again make peace among ourselves by means of future congresses;
but the foreign invader, if we are wise, will always find us united
against him, since the hurt of one is the danger of all; and we
shall never, in future, invite into the island either allies or
mediators. By so acting we shall at the present moment do for Sicily a
double service, ridding her at once of the Athenians, and of civil
war, and in future shall live in freedom at home, and be less
menaced from abroad.”
Such were the words of Hermocrates. The Sicilians took his advice,
and came to an understanding among themselves to end the war, each
keeping what they had—the Camarinaeans taking Morgantina at a price
fixed to be paid to the Syracusans—and the allies of the Athenians
called the officers in command, and told them that they were going
to make peace and that they would be included in the treaty. The
generals assenting, the peace was concluded, and the Athenian fleet
afterwards sailed away from Sicily. Upon their arrival at Athens,
the Athenians banished Pythodorus and Sophocles, and fined Eurymedon
for having taken bribes to depart when they might have subdued Sicily.
So thoroughly had the present prosperity persuaded the citizens that
nothing could withstand them, and that they could achieve what was
possible and impracticable alike, with means ample or inadequate it
mattered not. The secret of this was their general extraordinary
success, which made them confuse their strength with their hopes.
The same summer the Megarians in the city, pressed by the
hostilities of the Athenians, who invaded their country twice every
year with all their forces, and harassed by the incursions of their
own exiles at Pegae, who had been expelled in a revolution by the
popular party, began to ask each other whether it would not be
better to receive back their exiles, and free the town from one of its
two scourges. The friends of the emigrants, perceiving the
agitation, now more openly than before demanded the adoption of this
proposition; and the leaders of the commons, seeing that the
sufferings of the times had tired out the constancy of their
supporters, entered in their alarm into correspondence with the
Athenian generals, Hippocrates, son of Ariphron, and Demosthenes,
son of Alcisthenes, and resolved to betray the town, thinking this
less dangerous to themselves than the return of the party which they
had banished. It was accordingly arranged that the Athenians should
first take the long walls extending for nearly a mile from the city to
the port of Nisaea, to prevent the Peloponnesians coming to the rescue
from that place, where they formed the sole garrison to secure the
fidelity of Megara; and that after this the attempt should be made
to put into their hands the upper town, which it was thought would
then come over with less difficulty.
The Athenians, after plans had been arranged between themselves
and their correspondents both as to words and actions, sailed by night
to Minoa, the island off Megara, with six hundred heavy infantry under
the command of Hippocrates, and took post in a quarry not far off, out
of which bricks used to be taken for the walls; while Demosthenes, the
other commander, with a detachment of Plataean light troops and
another of Peripoli, placed himself in ambush in the precinct of
Enyalius, which was still nearer. No one knew of it, except those
whose business it was to know that night. A little before daybreak,
the traitors in Megara began to act. Every night for a long time back,
under pretence of marauding, in order to have a means of opening the
gates, they had been used, with the consent of the officer in command,
to carry by night a sculling boat upon a cart along the ditch to the
sea, and so to sail out, bringing it back again before day upon the
cart, and taking it within the wall through the gates, in order, as
they pretended, to baffle the Athenian blockade at Minoa, there
being no boat to be seen in the harbour. On the present occasion the
cart was already at the gates, which had been opened in the usual
way for the boat, when the Athenians, with whom this had been
concerted, saw it, and ran at the top of their speed from the ambush
in order to reach the gates before they were shut again, and while the
cart was still there to prevent their being closed; their Megarian
accomplices at the same moment killing the guard at the gates. The
first to run in was Demosthenes with
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