History of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides [best free ebook reader TXT] 📗
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residing in Amphipolis, where they had also other accomplices gained
over by Perdiccas or the Chalcidians. But the most active in the
matter were the inhabitants of Argilus itself, which is close by,
who had always been suspected by the Athenians, and had had designs on
the place. These men now saw their opportunity arrive with Brasidas,
and having for some time been in correspondence with their
countrymen in Amphipolis for the betrayal of the town, at once
received him into Argilus, and revolted from the Athenians, and that
same night took him on to the bridge over the river; where he found
only a small guard to oppose him, the town being at some distance from
the passage, and the walls not reaching down to it as at present. This
guard he easily drove in, partly through there being treason in
their ranks, partly from the stormy state of the weather and the
suddenness of his attack, and so got across the bridge, and
immediately became master of all the property outside; the
Amphipolitans having houses all over the quarter.
The passage of Brasidas was a complete surprise to the people in the
town; and the capture of many of those outside, and the flight of
the rest within the wall, combined to produce great confusion among
the citizens; especially as they did not trust one another. It is even
said that if Brasidas, instead of stopping to pillage, had advanced
straight against the town, he would probably have taken it. In fact,
however, he established himself where he was and overran the country
outside, and for the present remained inactive, vainly awaiting a
demonstration on the part of his friends within. Meanwhile the party
opposed to the traitors proved numerous enough to prevent the gates
being immediately thrown open, and in concert with Eucles, the
general, who had come from Athens to defend the place, sent to the
other commander in Thrace, Thucydides, son of Olorus, the author of
this history, who was at the isle of Thasos, a Parian colony, half a
day’s sail from Amphipolis, to tell him to come to their relief. On
receipt of this message he at once set sail with seven ships which
he had with him, in order, if possible, to reach Amphipolis in time to
prevent its capitulation, or in any case to save Eion.
Meanwhile Brasidas, afraid of succours arriving by sea from
Thasos, and learning that Thucydides possessed the right of working
the gold mines in that part of Thrace, and had thus great influence
with the inhabitants of the continent, hastened to gain the town, if
possible, before the people of Amphipolis should be encouraged by
his arrival to hope that he could save them by getting together a
force of allies from the sea and from Thrace, and so refuse to
surrender. He accordingly offered moderate terms, proclaiming that any
of the Amphipolitans and Athenians who chose, might continue to
enjoy their property with full rights of citizenship; while those
who did not wish to stay had five days to depart, taking their
property with them.
The bulk of the inhabitants, upon hearing this, began to change
their minds, especially as only a small number of the citizens were
Athenians, the majority having come from different quarters, and
many of the prisoners outside had relations within the walls. They
found the proclamation a fair one in comparison of what their fear had
suggested; the Athenians being glad to go out, as they thought they
ran more risk than the rest, and further, did not expect any speedy
relief, and the multitude generally being content at being left in
possession of their civic rights, and at such an unexpected reprieve
from danger. The partisans of Brasidas now openly advocated this
course, seeing that the feeling of the people had changed, and that
they no longer gave ear to the Athenian general present; and thus
the surrender was made and Brasidas was admitted by them on the
terms of his proclamation. In this way they gave up the city, and late
in the same day Thucydides and his ships entered the harbour of
Eion, Brasidas having just got hold of Amphipolis, and having been
within a night of taking Eion: had the ships been less prompt in
relieving it, in the morning it would have been his.
After this Thucydides put all in order at Eion to secure it
against any present or future attack of Brasidas, and received such as
had elected to come there from the interior according to the terms
agreed on. Meanwhile Brasidas suddenly sailed with a number of boats
down the river to Eion to see if he could not seize the point
running out from the wall, and so command the entrance; at the same
time he attempted it by land, but was beaten off on both sides and had
to content himself with arranging matters at Amphipolis and in the
neighbourhood. Myrcinus, an Edonian town, also came over to him; the
Edonian king Pittacus having been killed by the sons of Goaxis and his
own wife Brauro; and Galepsus and Oesime, which are Thasian
colonies, not long after followed its example. Perdiccas too came up
immediately after the capture and joined in these arrangements.
The news that Amphipolis was in the hands of the enemy caused
great alarm at Athens. Not only was the town valuable for the timber
it afforded for shipbuilding, and the money that it brought in; but
also, although the escort of the Thessalians gave the Lacedaemonians a
means of reaching the allies of Athens as far as the Strymon, yet as
long as they were not masters of the bridge but were watched on the
side of Eion by the Athenian galleys, and on the land side impeded
by a large and extensive lake formed by the waters of the river, it
was impossible for them to go any further. Now, on the contrary, the
path seemed open. There was also the fear of the allies revolting,
owing to the moderation displayed by Brasidas in all his conduct,
and to the declarations which he was everywhere making that he sent
out to free Hellas. The towns subject to the Athenians, hearing of the
capture of Amphipolis and of the terms accorded to it, and of the
gentleness of Brasidas, felt most strongly encouraged to change
their condition, and sent secret messages to him, begging him to
come on to them; each wishing to be the first to revolt. Indeed
there seemed to be no danger in so doing; their mistake in their
estimate of the Athenian power was as great as that power afterwards
turned out to be, and their judgment was based more upon blind wishing
than upon any sound prevision; for it is a habit of mankind to entrust
to careless hope what they long for, and to use sovereign reason to
thrust aside what they do not fancy. Besides the late severe blow
which the Athenians had met with in Boeotia, joined to the
seductive, though untrue, statements of Brasidas, about the
Athenians not having ventured to engage his single army at Nisaea,
made the allies confident, and caused them to believe that no Athenian
force would be sent against them. Above all the wish to do what was
agreeable at the moment, and the likelihood that they should find
the Lacedaemonians full of zeal at starting, made them eager to
venture. Observing this, the Athenians sent garrisons to the different
towns, as far as was possible at such short notice and in winter;
while Brasidas sent dispatches to Lacedaemon asking for
reinforcements, and himself made preparations for building galleys
in the Strymon. The Lacedaemonians however did not send him any,
partly through envy on the part of their chief men, partly because
they were more bent on recovering the prisoners of the island and
ending the war.
The same winter the Megarians took and razed to the foundations
the long walls which had been occupied by the Athenians; and
Brasidas after the capture of Amphipolis marched with his allies
against Acte, a promontory running out from the King’s dike with an
inward curve, and ending in Athos, a lofty mountain looking towards
the Aegean Sea. In it are various towns, Sane, an Andrian colony,
close to the canal, and facing the sea in the direction of Euboea; the
others being Thyssus, Cleone, Acrothoi, Olophyxus, and Dium, inhabited
by mixed barbarian races speaking the two languages. There is also a
small Chalcidian element; but the greater number are
Tyrrheno-Pelasgians once settled in Lemnos and Athens, and Bisaltians,
Crestonians, and Edonians; the towns being all small ones. Most of
these came over to Brasidas; but Sane and Dium held out and saw
their land ravaged by him and his army.
Upon their not submitting, he at once marched against Torone in
Chalcidice, which was held by an Athenian garrison, having been
invited by a few persons who were prepared to hand over the town.
Arriving in the dark a little before daybreak, he sat down with his
army near the temple of the Dioscuri, rather more than a quarter of
a mile from the city. The rest of the town of Torone and the Athenians
in garrison did not perceive his approach; but his partisans knowing
that he was coming (a few of them had secretly gone out to meet him)
were on the watch for his arrival, and were no sooner aware of it than
they took it to them seven light-armed men with daggers, who alone
of twenty men ordered on this service dared to enter, commanded by
Lysistratus an Olynthian. These passed through the sea wall, and
without being seen went up and put to the sword the garrison of the
highest post in the town, which stands on a hill, and broke open the
postern on the side of Canastraeum.
Brasidas meanwhile came a little nearer and then halted with his
main body, sending on one hundred targeteers to be ready to rush in
first, the moment that a gate should be thrown open and the beacon
lighted as agreed. After some time passed in waiting and wondering
at the delay, the targeteers by degrees got up close to the town.
The Toronaeans inside at work with the party that had entered had by
this time broken down the postern and opened the gates leading to
the marketplace by cutting through the bar, and first brought some
men round and let them in by the postern, in order to strike a panic
into the surprised townsmen by suddenly attacking them from behind and
on both sides at once; after which they raised the fire-signal as
had been agreed, and took in by the market gates the rest of the
targeteers.
Brasidas seeing the signal told the troops to rise, and dashed
forward amid the loud hurrahs of his men, which carried dismay among
the astonished townspeople. Some burst in straight by the gate, others
over some square pieces of timber placed against the wall (which has
fallen down and was being rebuilt) to draw up stones; Brasidas and the
greater number making straight uphill for the higher part of the town,
in order to take it from top to bottom, and once for all, while the
rest of the multitude spread in all directions.
The capture of the town was effected before the great body of the
Toronaeans had recovered from their surprise and confusion; but the
conspirators and the citizens of their party at once joined the
invaders. About fifty of the Athenian heavy infantry happened to be
sleeping in the marketplace when the alarm reached them. A few of
these were killed fighting; the rest escaped, some by land, others
to the two ships on the station, and took refuge in Lecythus, a
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