U.S.A. Copyright Law, Library of Congress. Copyright Office [reading diary TXT] 📗
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(A) The phonorecord is retained and used solely by the transmitting
organization that made it, and no further phonorecords are reproduced
from it.
(B) The phonorecord is used solely for the transmitting organization's
own transmissions originating in the United States under a statutory
license in accordance with section 114(f) or the limitation on exclusive
rights specified by section 114(d)(1)(C)(iv).
(C) Unless preserved exclusively for purposes of archival preservation,
the phonorecord is destroyed within 6 months from the date the sound
recording was first transmitted to the public using the phonorecord.
(D) Phonorecords of the sound recording have been distributed to the
public under the authority of the copyright owner or the copyright owner
authorizes the transmitting entity to transmit the sound recording, and
the transmitting entity makes the phonorecord under this subsection from
a phonorecord lawfully made and acquired under the authority of the
copyright owner.
(2) Notwithstanding any provision of the antitrust laws, any copyright
owners of sound recordings and any transmitting organizations entitled
to a statutory license under this subsection may negotiate and agree
upon royalty rates and license terms and conditions for making
phonorecords of such sound recordings under this section and the
proportionate division of fees paid among copyright owners, and may
designate common agents to negotiate, agree to, pay, or receive such
royalty payments.
(3) No later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of the Digital
Millennium Copyright Act, the Librarian of Congress shall cause notice
to be published in the Federal Register of the initiation of voluntary
negotiation proceedings for the purpose of determining reasonable terms
and rates of royalty payments for the activities specified by paragraph
(1) of this subsection during the period beginning on the date of the
enactment of such Act and ending on December 31, 2000, or such other
date as the parties may agree. Such rates shall include a minimum fee
for each type of service offered by transmitting organizations. Any
copyright owners of sound recordings or any transmitting organizations
entitled to a statutory license under this subsection may submit to the
Librarian of Congress licenses covering such activities with respect to
such sound recordings. The parties to each negotiation proceeding shall
bear their own costs.
(4) In the absence of license agreements negotiated under paragraph (2),
during the 60-day period commencing 6 months after publication of the
notice specified in paragraph (3), and upon the filing of a petition in
accordance with section 803(a)(1), the Librarian of Congress shall,
pursuant to chapter 8, convene a copyright arbitration royalty panel to
determine and publish in the Federal Register a schedule of reasonable
rates and terms which, subject to paragraph (5), shall be binding on all
copyright owners of sound recordings and transmitting organizations
entitled to a statutory license under this subsection during the period
beginning on the date of the enactment of the Digital Millennium
Copyright Act and ending on December 31, 2000, or such other date as the
parties may agree. Such rates shall include a minimum fee for each type
of service offered by transmitting organizations. The copyright
arbitration royalty panel shall establish rates that most clearly
represent the fees that would have been negotiated in the marketplace
between a willing buyer and a willing seller. In determining such rates
and terms, the copyright arbitration royalty panel shall base its
decision on economic, competitive, and programming information presented
by the parties, including-
(A) whether use of the service may substitute for or may promote the
sales of phonorecords or otherwise interferes with or enhances the
copyright owner's traditional streams of revenue; and
(B) the relative roles of the copyright owner and the transmitting
organization in the copyrighted work and the service made available to
the public with respect to relative creative contribution, technological
contribution, capital investment, cost, and risk.
In establishing such rates and terms, the copyright arbitration royalty
panel may consider the rates and terms under voluntary license
agreements negotiated as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3). The
Librarian of Congress shall also establish requirements by which
copyright owners may receive reasonable notice of the use of their sound
recordings under this section, and under which records of such use shall
be kept and made available by transmitting organizations entitled to
obtain a statutory license under this subsection.
(5) License agreements voluntarily negotiated at any time between 1 or
more copyright owners of sound recordings and 1 or more transmitting
organizations entitled to obtain a statutory license under this
subsection shall be given effect in lieu of any determination by a
copyright arbitration royalty panel or decision by the Librarian of
Congress.
(6) Publication of a notice of the initiation of voluntary negotiation
proceedings as specified in paragraph (3) shall be repeated, in
accordance with regulations that the Librarian of Congress shall
prescribe, in the first week of January 2000, and at 2-year intervals
thereafter, except to the extent that different years for the repeating
of such proceedings may be determined in accordance with paragraph (3).
The procedures specified in paragraph (4) shall be repeated, in
accordance with regulations that the Librarian of Congress shall
prescribe, upon filing of a petition in accordance with section 803(a)
(1), during a 60-day period commencing on July 1, 2000, and at 2-year
intervals thereafter, except to the extent that different years for the
repeating of such proceedings may be determined in accordance with
paragraph (3). The procedures specified in paragraph (4) shall be
concluded in accordance with section 802.
(7)(A) Any person who wishes to make a phonorecord of a sound recording
under a statutory license in accordance with this subsection may do so
without infringing the exclusive right of the copyright owner of the
sound recording under section 106(1)
(i) by complying with such notice requirements as the Librarian of
Congress shall prescribe by regulation and by paying royalty fees in
accordance with this subsection; or
(ii) if such royalty fees have not been set, by agreeing to pay such
royalty fees as shall be determined in accordance with this subsection.
(B) Any royalty payments in arrears shall be made on or before the 20th
day of the month next succeeding the month in which the royalty fees are
set.
(8) If a transmitting organization entitled to make a phonorecord under
this subsection is prevented from making such phonorecord by reason of
the application by the copyright owner of technical measures that
prevent the reproduction of the sound recording, the copyright owner
shall make available to the transmitting organization the necessary
means for permitting the making of such phonorecord as permitted under
this subsection, if it is technologically feasible and economically
reasonable for the copyright owner to do so. If the copyright owner
fails to do so in a timely manner in light of the transmitting
organization's reasonable business requirements, the transmitting
organization shall not be liable for a violation of section 1201(a)(1)
of this title for engaging in such activities as are necessary to make
such phonorecords as permitted under this subsection.
(9) Nothing in this subsection annuls, limits, impairs, or otherwise
affects in any way the existence or value of any of the exclusive rights
of the copyright owners in a sound recording, except as otherwise
provided in this subsection, or in a musical work, including the
exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute a sound recording or
musical work, including by means of a digital phonorecord delivery,
under section 106(1), 106(3), and 115, and the right to perform publicly
a sound recording or musical work, including by means of a digital audio
transmission, under sections 106(4) and 106(6).
(f) The transmission program embodied in a copy or phonorecord made
under this section is not subject to protection as a derivative work
under this title except with the express consent of the owners of
copyright in the preexisting works employed in the program.
Section 113. Scope of exclusive rights in pictorial, graphic, and
sculptural works [45]
(a) Subject to the provisions of subsections (b) and (c) of this
section, the exclusive right to reproduce a copyrighted pictorial,
graphic, or sculptural work in copies under section 106 includes the
right to reproduce the work in or on any kind of article, whether useful
or otherwise.
(b) This title does not afford, to the owner of copyright in a work that
portrays a useful article as such, any greater or lesser rights with
respect to the making, distribution, or display of the useful article so
portrayed than those afforded to such works under the law, whether title
17 or the common law or statutes of a State, in effect on December 31,
1977, as held applicable and construed by a court in an action brought
under this title.
(c) In the case of a work lawfully reproduced in useful articles that
have been offered for sale or other distribution to the public,
copyright does not include any right to prevent the making,
distribution, or display of pictures or photographs of such articles in
connection with advertisements or commentaries related to the
distribution or display of such articles, or in connection with news
reports.
(d)(1) In a case in which-
(A) a work of visual art has been incorporated in or made part of a
building in such a way that removing the work from the building will
cause the destruction, distortion, mutilation, or other modification of
the work as described in section 106A(a)(3), and
(B) the author consented to the installation of the work in the building
either before the effective date set forth in section 610(a) of the
Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990, or in a written instrument executed
on or after such effective date that is signed by the owner of the
building and the author and that specifies that installation of the work
may subject the work to destruction, distortion, mutilation, or other
modification, by reason of its removal,
then the rights conferred by paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 106A(a)
shall not apply.
(2) If the owner of a building wishes to remove a work of visual art
which is a part of such building and which can be removed from the
building without the destruction, distortion, mutilation, or other
modification of the work as described in section 106A(a)(3), the
author's rights under paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 106A(a) shall
apply unless-
(A) the owner has made a diligent, good faith attempt without success to
notify the author of the owner's intended action affecting the work of
visual art, or
(B) the owner did provide such notice in writing and the person so
notified failed, within 90 days after receiving such notice, either to
remove the work or to pay for its removal.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), an owner shall be presumed to have
made a diligent, good faith attempt to send notice if the owner sent
such notice by registered mail to the author at the most recent address
of the author that was recorded with the Register of Copyrights pursuant
to paragraph (3). If the work is removed at the expense of the author,
title to that copy of the work shall be deemed to be in the author.
(3) The Register of Copyrights shall establish a system of records
whereby any author of a work of visual art that has been incorporated in
or made part of a building, may record his or her identity and address
with the Copyright Office. The Register shall also establish procedures
under which any such author may update the information so recorded, and
procedures under which owners of buildings may record with the Copyright
Office evidence of their efforts to comply with this subsection.
Section 114. Scope of exclusive rights in sound recordings [46]
(a) The exclusive rights of the owner of copyright in a sound recording
are limited to the rights specified by clauses (1), (2), (3) and (6) of
section 106, and do not include any right of performance under section
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