U.S.A. Copyright Law, Library of Congress. Copyright Office [reading diary TXT] 📗
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(b) The exclusive right of the owner of copyright in a sound recording
under clause (1) of section 106 is limited to the right to duplicate the
sound recording in the form of phonorecords or copies that directly or
indirectly recapture the actual sounds fixed in the recording. The
exclusive right of the owner of copyright in a sound recording under
clause (2) of section 106 is limited to the right to prepare a
derivative work in which the actual sounds fixed in the sound recording
are rearranged, remixed, or otherwise altered in sequence or quality.
The exclusive rights of the owner of copyright in a sound recording
under clauses (1) and (2) of section 106 do not extend to the making or
duplication of another sound recording that consists entirely of an
independent fixation of other sounds, even though such sounds imitate or
simulate those in the copyrighted sound recording. The exclusive rights
of the owner of copyright in a sound recording under clauses (1), (2),
and (3) of section 106 do not apply to sound recordings included in
educational television and radio programs (as defined in section 397 of
title 47) distributed or transmitted by or through public broadcasting
entities (as defined by section 118(g)): Provided, That copies or
phonorecords of said programs are not commercially distributed by or
through public broadcasting entities to the general public.
(c) This section does not limit or impair the exclusive right to perform
publicly, by means of a phonorecord, any of the works specified by
section 106(4).
(d) Limitations on Exclusive Right. Notwithstanding the provisions of
section 106(6)-
(1) Exempt transmissions and retransmissions. The performance of a sound
recording publicly by means of a digital audio transmission, other than
as a part of an interactive service, is not an infringement of section
106(6) if the performance is part of-
(A) a nonsubscription broadcast transmission;
(B) a retransmission of a nonsubscription broadcast transmission:
Provided, That, in the case of a retransmission of a radio station's
broadcast transmission-
(i) the radio station's broadcast transmission is not willfully or
repeatedly retransmitted more than a radius of 150 miles from the site
of the radio broadcast transmitter, however-
(I) the 150 mile limitation under this clause shall not apply when a
nonsubscription broadcast transmission by a radio station licensed by
the Federal Communications Commission is retransmitted on a non-
subscription basis by a terrestrial broadcast station, terrestrial
translator, or terrestrial repeater licensed by the Federal
Communications Commission; and
(II) in the case of a subscription retransmission of a non-subscription
broadcast retransmission covered by subclause (I), the 150 mile radius
shall be measured from the transmitter site of such broadcast
retransmitter;
(ii) the retransmission is of radio station broadcast transmissions that
are
(I) obtained by the retransmitter over the air;
(II) not electronically processed by the retransmitter to deliver
separate and discrete signals; and
(III) retransmitted only within the local communities served by the
retransmitter;
(iii) the radio station's broadcast transmission was being retransmitted
to cable systems (as defined in section 111(f)) by a satellite carrier
on January 1, 1995, and that retransmission was being retransmitted by
cable systems as a separate and discrete signal, and the satellite
carrier obtains the radio station's broadcast transmission in an analog
format: Provided, That the broadcast transmission being retransmitted
may embody the programming of no more than one radio station; or
(iv) the radio station's broadcast transmission is made by a
noncommercial educational broadcast station funded on or after January
1, 1995, under section 396(k) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47
U.S.C. 396(k)), consists solely of noncommercial educational and
cultural radio programs, and the retransmission, whether or not
simultaneous, is a nonsubscription terrestrial broadcast retransmission;
or
(C) a transmission that comes within any of the following categories-
(i) a prior or simultaneous transmission incidental to an exempt
transmission, such as a feed received by and then retransmitted by an
exempt transmitter: Provided, That such incidental transmissions do
not include any subscription transmission directly for reception by
members of the public;
(ii) a transmission within a business establishment, confined to its
premises or the immediately surrounding vicinity;
(iii) a retransmission by any retransmitter, including a multichannel
video programming distributor as defined in section 602(12) of the
Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 522 (12)), of a transmission by a
transmitter licensed to publicly perform the sound recording as a part
of that transmission, if the retransmission is simultaneous with the
licensed transmission and authorized by the transmitter; or
(iv) a transmission to a business establishment for use in the ordinary
course of its business: Provided, That the business recipient does not
retransmit the transmission outside of its premises or the immediately
surrounding vicinity, and that the transmission does not exceed the
sound recording performance complement. Nothing in this clause shall
limit the scope of the exemption in clause (ii).
(2) Statutory licensing of certain transmissions.-
The performance of a sound recording publicly by means of a subscription
digital audio transmission not exempt under paragraph (1), an eligible
nonsubscription transmission, or a transmission not exempt under
paragraph (1) that is made by a preexisting satellite digital audio
radio service shall be subject to statutory licensing, in accordance
with subsection (f) if-
(A)(i) the transmission is not part of an interactive service;
(ii) except in the case of a transmission to a business establishment,
the transmitting entity does not automatically and intentionally cause
any device receiving the transmission to switch from one program channel
to another; and
(iii) except as provided in section 1002(e), the transmission of the
sound recording is accompanied, if technically feasible, by the
information encoded in that sound recording, if any, by or under the
authority of the copyright owner of that sound recording, that
identifies the title of the sound recording, the featured recording
artist who performs on the sound recording, and related information,
including information concerning the underlying musical work and its
writer;
(B) in the case of a subscription transmission not exempt under
paragraph (1) that is made by a preexisting subscription service in the
same transmission medium used by such service on July 31, 1998, or in
the case of a transmission not exempt under paragraph (1) that is made
by a preexisting satellite digital audio radio service-
(i) the transmission does not exceed the sound recording performance
complement; and
(ii) the transmitting entity does not cause to be published by means of
an advance program schedule or prior announcement the titles of the
specific sound recordings or phonorecords embodying such sound
recordings to be transmitted; and
(C) in the case of an eligible nonsubscription transmission or a
subscription transmission not exempt under paragraph (1) that is made by
a new subscription service or by a preexisting subscription service
other than in the same transmission medium used by such service on July
31, 1998-
(i) the transmission does not exceed the sound recording performance
complement, except that this requirement shall not apply in the case of
a retransmission of a broadcast transmission if the retransmission is
made by a transmitting entity that does not have the right or ability to
control the programming of the broadcast station making the broadcast
transmission, unless-
(I) the broadcast station makes broadcast transmissions-
(aa) in digital format that regularly exceed the sound recording
performance complement; or
(bb) in analog format, a substantial portion of which, on a weekly
basis, exceed the sound recording performance complement; and
(II) the sound recording copyright owner or its representative has
notified the transmitting entity in writing that broadcast transmissions
of the copyright owner's sound recordings exceed the sound recording
performance complement as provided in this clause;
(ii) the transmitting entity does not cause to be published, or induce
or facilitate the publication, by means of an advance program schedule
or prior announcement, the titles of the specific sound recordings to be
transmitted, the phonorecords embodying such sound recordings, or, other
than for illustrative purposes, the names of the featured recording
artists, except that this clause does not disqualify a transmitting
entity that makes a prior announcement that a particular artist will be
featured within an unspecified future time period, and in the case of a
retransmission of a broadcast transmission by a transmitting entity that
does not have the right or ability to control the programming of the
broadcast transmission, the requirement of this clause shall not apply
to a prior oral announcement by the broadcast station, or to an advance
program schedule published, induced, or facilitated by the broadcast
station, if the transmitting entity does not have actual knowledge and
has not received written notice from the copyright owner or its
representative that the broadcast station publishes or induces or
facilitates the publication of such advance program schedule, or if such
advance program schedule is a schedule of classical music programming
published by the broadcast station in the same manner as published by
that broadcast station on or before September 30, 1998;
(iii) the transmission-
(I) is not part of an archived program of less than 5 hours duration;
(II) is not part of an archived program of 5 hours or greater in
duration that is made available for a period exceeding 2 weeks;
(III) is not part of a continuous program which is of less than 3 hours
duration; or
(IV) is not part of an identifiable program in which performances of
sound recordings are rendered in a predetermined order, other than an
archived or continuous program, that is transmitted at-
(aa) more than 3 times in any 2-week period that have been publicly
announced in advance, in the case of a program of less than 1 hour in
duration, or
(bb) more than 4 times in any 2-week period that have been publicly
announced in advance, in the case of a program of 1 hour or more in
duration, except that the requirement of this subclause shall not apply
in the case of a retransmission of a broadcast transmission by a
transmitting entity that does not have the right or ability to control
the programming of the broadcast transmission, unless the transmitting
entity is given notice in writing by the copyright owner of the sound
recording that the broadcast station makes broadcast transmissions that
regularly violate such requirement;
(iv) the transmitting entity does not knowingly perform the sound
recording, as part of a service that offers transmissions of visual
images contemporaneously with transmissions of sound recordings, in a
manner that is likely to cause confusion, to cause mistake, or to
deceive, as to the affiliation, connection, or association of the
copyright owner or featured recording artist with the transmitting
entity or a particular product or service advertised by the transmitting
entity, or as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval by the copyright
owner or featured recording artist of the activities of the transmitting
entity other than the performance of the sound recording itself;
(v) the transmitting entity cooperates to prevent, to the extent
feasible without imposing substantial costs or burdens, a transmission
recipient or any other person or entity from automatically scanning the
transmitting entity's transmissions alone or together with transmissions
by other transmitting entities in order to select a particular sound
recording to be transmitted to the transmission recipient, except that
the requirement of this clause shall not apply to a satellite digital
audio service that is in operation, or that is licensed by the Federal
Communications Commission, on or before July 31, 1998;
(vi) the transmitting entity takes no affirmative steps to cause or
induce the making of a phonorecord by the transmission recipient, and if
the technology used by the transmitting entity enables the transmitting
entity to limit the making by the transmission recipient of phonorecords
of the transmission directly in a digital format, the transmitting
entity sets such technology to limit such making of phonorecords to the
extent permitted by such technology;
(vii) phonorecords of the sound recording have been distributed to the
public under
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