U.S.A. Copyright Law, Library of Congress. Copyright Office [reading diary TXT] 📗
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services (either concurrently or at different times), the noninteractive
component shall not be treated as part of an interactive service.
(8) A "new subscription service" is a service that performs sound
recordings by means of noninteractive subscription digital audio
transmissions and that is not a preexisting subscription service or a
preexisting satellite digital audio radio service.
(9) A "nonsubscription" transmission is any transmission that is not a
subscription transmission.
(10) A "preexisting satellite digital audio radio service" is a
subscription satellite digital audio radio service provided pursuant to
a satellite digital audio radio service license issued by the Federal
Communications Commission on or before July 31, 1998, and any renewal of
such license to the extent of the scope of the original license, and may
include a limited number of sample channels representative of the
subscription service that are made available on a nonsubscription basis
in order to promote the subscription service.
(11) A "preexisting subscription service" is a service that performs
sound recordings by means of noninteractive audio-only subscription
digital audio transmissions, which was in existence and was making such
transmissions to the public for a fee on or before July 31, 1998, and
may include a limited number of sample channels representative of the
subscription service that are made available on a nonsubscription basis
in order to promote the subscription service.
(12) A "retransmission" is a further transmission of an initial
transmission, and includes any further retransmission of the same
transmission. Except as provided in this section, a transmission
qualifies as a "retransmission" only if it is simultaneous with the
initial transmission. Nothing in this definition shall be construed to
exempt a transmission that fails to satisfy a separate element required
to qualify for an exemption under section 114(d)(1).
(13) The "sound recording performance complement" is the transmission
during any 3-hour period, on a particular channel used by a transmitting
entity, of no more than-
(A) 3 different selections of sound recordings from any one phonorecord
lawfully distributed for public performance or sale in the United
States, if no more than 2 such selections are transmitted consecutively;
or
(B) 4 different selections of sound recordings-
(i) by the same featured recording artist; or
(ii) from any set or compilation of phonorecords lawfully distributed
together as a unit for public performance or sale in the United States,
if no more than three such selections are transmitted consecutively:
Provided, That the transmission of selections in excess of the
numerical limits provided for in clauses (A) and (B) from multiple
phonorecords shall nonetheless qualify as a sound recording performance
complement if the programming of the multiple phonorecords was not
willfully intended to avoid the numerical limitations prescribed in such
clauses.
(14) A "subscription" transmission is a transmission that is controlled
and limited to particular recipients, and for which consideration is
required to be paid or otherwise given by or on behalf of the recipient
to receive the transmission or a package of transmissions including the
transmission.
(15) A "transmission" is either an initial transmission or a
retransmission.
Section 115. Scope of exclusive rights in nondramatic musical works:
Compulsory license for making and distributing phonorecords [49]
In the case of nondramatic musical works, the exclusive rights provided
by clauses (1) and (3) of section 106, to make and to distribute
phonorecords of such works, are subject to compulsory licensing under
the conditions specified by this section.
(a) Availability and Scope of Compulsory License.-
(1) When phonorecords of a nondramatic musical work have been
distributed to the public in the United States under the authority of
the copyright owner, any other person, including those who make
phonorecords or digital phonorecord deliveries, may, by complying with
the provisions of this section, obtain a compulsory license to make and
distribute phonorecords of the work. A person may obtain a compulsory
license only if his or her primary purpose in making phonorecords is to
distribute them to the public for private use, including by means of a
digital phonorecord delivery. A person may not obtain a compulsory
license for use of the work in the making of phonorecords duplicating a
sound recording fixed by another, unless:
(i) such sound recording was fixed lawfully; and
(ii) the making of the phonorecords was authorized by the owner of
copyright in the sound recording or, if the sound recording was fixed
before February 15, 1972, by any person who fixed the sound recording
pursuant to an express license from the owner of the copyright in the
musical work or pursuant to a valid compulsory license for use of such
work in a sound recording.
(2) A compulsory license includes the privilege of making a musical
arrangement of the work to the extent necessary to conform it to the
style or manner of interpretation of the performance involved, but the
arrangement shall not change the basic melody or fundamental character
of the work, and shall not be subject to protection as a derivative work
under this title, except with the express consent of the copyright
owner.
(b) Notice of Intention to Obtain Compulsory License.-
(1) Any person who wishes to obtain a compulsory license under this
section shall, before or within thirty days after making, and before
distributing any phonorecords of the work, serve notice of intention to
do so on the copyright owner. If the registration or other public
records of the Copyright Office do not identify the copyright owner and
include an address at which notice can be served, it shall be sufficient
to file the notice of intention in the Copyright Office. The notice
shall comply, in form, content, and manner of service, with requirements
that the Register of Copyrights shall prescribe by regulation.
(2) Failure to serve or file the notice required by clause (1)
forecloses the possibility of a compulsory license and, in the absence
of a negotiated license, renders the making and distribution of
phonorecords actionable as acts of infringement under section 501 and
fully subject to the remedies provided by sections 502 through 506 and
509.
(c) Royalty Payable Under Compulsory License. [50]-
(1) To be entitled to receive royalties under a compulsory license, the
copyright owner must be identified in the registration or other public
records of the Copyright Office. The owner is entitled to royalties for
phonorecords made and distributed after being so identified, but is not
entitled to recover for any phonorecords previously made and
distributed.
(2) Except as provided by clause (1), the royalty under a compulsory
license shall be payable for every phonorecord made and distributed in
accordance with the license. For this purpose, and other than as
provided in paragraph (3), a phonorecord is considered "distributed" if
the person exercising the compulsory license has voluntarily and
permanently parted with its possession. With respect to each work
embodied in the phonorecord, the royalty shall be either two and three-
fourths cents, or one-half of one cent per minute of playing time or
fraction thereof, whichever amount is larger. [51]
(3)(A) A compulsory license under this section includes the right of the
compulsory licensee to distribute or authorize the distribution of a
phonorecord of a nondramatic musical work by means of a digital
transmission which constitutes a digital phonorecord delivery,
regardless of whether the digital transmission is also a public
performance of the sound recording under section 106(6) of this title or
of any nondramatic musical work embodied therein under section 106(4) of
this title. For every digital phonorecord delivery by or under the
authority of the compulsory licensee-
(i) on or before December 31, 1997, the royalty payable by the
compulsory licensee shall be the royalty prescribed under paragraph (2)
and chapter 8 of this title; and
(ii) on or after January 1, 1998, the royalty payable by the compulsory
licensee shall be the royalty prescribed under subparagraphs (B) through
(F) and chapter 8 of this title.
(B) Notwithstanding any provision of the antitrust laws, any copyright
owners of nondramatic musical works and any persons entitled to obtain a
compulsory license under subsection (a)(1) may negotiate and agree upon
the terms and rates of royalty payments under this paragraph and the
proportionate division of fees paid among copyright owners, and may
designate common agents to negotiate, agree to, pay or receive such
royalty payments. Such authority to negotiate the terms and rates of
royalty payments includes, but is not limited to, the authority to
negotiate the year during which the royalty rates prescribed under
subparagraphs (B) through (F) and chapter 8 of this title shall next be
determined.
(C) During the period of June 30, 1996, through December 31, 1996, the
Librarian of Congress shall cause notice to be published in the Federal
Register of the initiation of voluntary negotiation proceedings for the
purpose of determining reasonable terms and rates of royalty payments
for the activities specified by subparagraph (A) during the period
beginning January 1, 1998, and ending on the effective date of any new
terms and rates established pursuant to subparagraph (C), (D) or (F), or
such other date (regarding digital phonorecord deliveries) as the
parties may agree. Such terms and rates shall distinguish between (i)
digital phonorecord deliveries where the reproduction or distribution of
a phonorecord is incidental to the transmission which constitutes the
digital phonorecord delivery, and (ii) digital phonorecord deliveries in
general. Any copyright owners of nondramatic musical works and any
persons entitled to obtain a compulsory license under subsection (a)(1)
may submit to the Librarian of Congress licenses covering such
activities. The parties to each negotiation proceeding shall bear their
own costs.
(D) In the absence of license agreements negotiated under subparagraphs
(B) and (C), upon the filing of a petition in accordance with section
803(a)(1), the Librarian of Congress shall, pursuant to chapter 8,
convene a copyright arbitration royalty panel to determine a schedule of
rates and terms which, subject to subparagraph (E), shall be binding on
all copyright owners of nondramatic musical works and persons entitled
to obtain a compulsory license under subsection (a)(1) during the period
beginning January 1, 1998, and ending on the effective date of any new
terms and rates established pursuant to subparagraph (C), (D) or (F), or
such other date (regarding digital phonorecord deliveries) as may be
determined pursuant to subparagraphs (B) and (C). Such terms and rates
shall distinguish between (i) digital phonorecord deliveries where the
reproduction or distribution of a phonorecord is incidental to the
transmission which constitutes the digital phonorecord delivery, and
(ii) digital phonorecord deliveries in general. In addition to the
objectives set forth in section 801(b)(1), in establishing such rates
and terms, the copyright arbitration royalty panel may consider rates
and terms under voluntary license agreements negotiated as provided in
subparagraphs (B) and (C). The royalty rates payable for a compulsory
license for a digital phonorecord delivery under this section shall be
established de novo and no precedential effect shall be given to the
amount of the royalty payable by a compulsory licensee for digital
phonorecord deliveries on or before December 31, 1997. The Librarian of
Congress shall also establish requirements by which copyright owners may
receive reasonable notice of the use of their works under this section,
and under which records of such use shall be kept and made available by
persons making digital phonorecord deliveries.
(E)(i) License agreements voluntarily negotiated at any time between one
or more copyright owners of nondramatic musical works and one or more
persons entitled to obtain a compulsory license under subsection (a)(1)
shall be given effect in lieu of any determination by the Librarian of
Congress. Subject to clause (ii), the royalty rates determined pursuant
to subparagraph (C), (D) or (F) shall be given effect in lieu of any
contrary royalty rates specified in a contract pursuant to which a
recording artist who is the author of a nondramatic musical work grants
a license under that person's exclusive rights in the musical work under
paragraphs (1) and (3) of section 106 or commits another person to grant
a
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