U.S.A. Copyright Law, Library of Congress. Copyright Office [reading diary TXT] 📗
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106, to a person desiring to fix in a tangible medium of expression a
sound recording embodying the musical work.
(ii) The second sentence of clause (i) shall not apply to-
(I) a contract entered into on or before June 22, 1995 and not modified
thereafter for the purpose of reducing the royalty rates determined
pursuant to subparagraph (C), (D) or (F) or of increasing the number of
musical works within the scope of the contract covered by the reduced
rates, except if a contract entered into on or before June 22, 1995, is
modified thereafter for the purpose of increasing the number of musical
works within the scope of the contract, any contrary royalty rates
specified in the contract shall be given effect in lieu of royalty rates
determined pursuant to subparagraph (C), (D) or (F) for the number of
musical works within the scope of the contract as of June 22, 1995; and
(II) a contract entered into after the date that the sound recording is
fixed in a tangible medium of expression substantially in a form
intended for commercial release, if at the time the contract is entered
into, the recording artist retains the right to grant licenses as to the
musical work under paragraphs (1) and (3) of section 106.
(F) The procedures specified in subparagraphs (C) and (D) shall be
repeated and concluded, in accordance with regulations that the
Librarian of Congress shall prescribe, in each fifth calendar year after
1997, except to the extent that different years for the repeating and
concluding of such proceedings may be determined in accordance with
subparagraphs (B) and (C).
(G) Except as provided in section 1002(e) of this title, a digital
phonorecord delivery licensed under this paragraph shall be accompanied
by the information encoded in the sound recording, if any, by or under
the authority of the copyright owner of that sound recording, that
identifies the title of the sound recording, the featured recording
artist who performs on the sound recording, and related information,
including information concerning the underlying musical work and its
writer.
(H)(i) A digital phonorecord delivery of a sound recording is actionable
as an act of infringement under section 501, and is fully subject to the
remedies provided by sections 502 through 506 and section 509, unless-
(I) the digital phonorecord delivery has been authorized by the
copyright owner of the sound recording; and
(II) the owner of the copyright in the sound recording or the entity
making the digital phonorecord delivery has obtained a compulsory
license under this section or has otherwise been authorized by the
copyright owner of the musical work to distribute or authorize the
distribution, by means of a digital phonorecord delivery, of each
musical work embodied in the sound recording.
(ii) Any cause of action under this subparagraph shall be in addition to
those available to the owner of the copyright in the nondramatic musical
work under subsection (c)(6) and section 106(4) and the owner of the
copyright in the sound recording under section 106(6).
(I) The liability of the copyright owner of a sound recording for
infringement of the copyright in a nondramatic musical work embodied in
the sound recording shall be determined in accordance with applicable
law, except that the owner of a copyright in a sound recording shall not
be liable for a digital phonorecord delivery by a third party if the
owner of the copyright in the sound recording does not license the
distribution of a phonorecord of the nondramatic musical work.
(J) Nothing in section 1008 shall be construed to prevent the exercise
of the rights and remedies allowed by this paragraph, paragraph (6), and
chapter 5 in the event of a digital phonorecord delivery, except that no
action alleging infringement of copyright may be brought under this
title against a manufacturer, importer or distributor of a digital audio
recording device, a digital audio recording medium, an analog recording
device, or an analog recording medium, or against a consumer, based on
the actions described in such section.
(K) Nothing in this section annuls or limits
(i) the exclusive right to publicly perform a sound recording or the
musical work embodied therein, including by means of a digital
transmission, under sections 106(4) and 106(6),
(ii) except for compulsory licensing under the conditions specified by
this section, the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute the sound
recording and the musical work embodied therein under sections 106(1)
and 106(3), including by means of a digital phonorecord delivery, or
(iii) any other rights under any other provision of section 106, or
remedies available under this title, as such rights or remedies exist
either before or after the date of enactment of the Digital Performance
Right in Sound Recordings Act of 1995.
(L) The provisions of this section concerning digital phonorecord
deliveries shall not apply to any exempt transmissions or
retransmissions under section 114(d)(1). The exemptions created in
section 114(d)(1) do not expand or reduce the rights of copyright owners
under section 106(1) through (5) with respect to such transmissions and
retransmissions.
(4) A compulsory license under this section includes the right of the
maker of a phonorecord of a nondramatic musical work under subsection
(a)(1) to distribute or authorize distribution of such phonorecord by
rental, lease, or lending (or by acts or practices in the nature of
rental, lease, or lending). In addition to any royalty payable under
clause (2) and chapter 8 of this title, a royalty shall be payable by
the compulsory licensee for every act of distribution of a phonorecord
by or in the nature of rental, lease, or lending, by or under the
authority of the compulsory licensee. With respect to each nondramatic
musical work embodied in the phonorecord, the royalty shall be a
proportion of the revenue received by the compulsory licensee from every
such act of distribution of the phonorecord under this clause equal to
the proportion of the revenue received by the compulsory licensee from
distribution of the phonorecord under clause (2) that is payable by a
compulsory licensee under that clause and under chapter 8. The Register
of Copyrights shall issue regulations to carry out the purpose of this
clause.
(5) Royalty payments shall be made on or before the twentieth day of
each month and shall include all royalties for the month next preceding.
Each monthly payment shall be made under oath and shall comply with
requirements that the Register of Copyrights shall prescribe by
regulation. The Register shall also prescribe regulations under which
detailed cumulative annual statements of account, certified by a
certified public accountant, shall be filed for every compulsory license
under this section. The regulations covering both the monthly and the
annual statements of account shall prescribe the form, content, and
manner of certification with respect to the number of records made and
the number of records distributed.
(6) If the copyright owner does not receive the monthly payment and the
monthly and annual statements of account when due, the owner may give
written notice to the licensee that, unless the default is remedied
within thirty days from the date of the notice, the compulsory license
will be automatically terminated. Such termination renders either the
making or the distribution, or both, of all phonorecords for which the
royalty has not been paid, actionable as acts of infringement under
section 501 and fully subject to the remedies provided by sections 502
through 506 and 509.
(d) Definition. As used in this section, the following term has the
following meaning: A "digital phonorecord delivery" is each individual
delivery of a phonorecord by digital transmission of a sound recording
which results in a specifically identifiable reproduction by or for any
transmission recipient of a phonorecord of that sound recording,
regardless of whether the digital transmission is also a public
performance of the sound recording or any nondramatic musical work
embodied therein. A digital phonorecord delivery does not result from a
real-time, non-interactive subscription transmission of a sound
recording where no reproduction of the sound recording or the musical
work embodied therein is made from the inception of the transmission
through to its receipt by the transmission recipient in order to make
the sound recording audible.
Section 116. Negotiated licenses for public performances by means of coin-
operated phonorecord players [52]
(a) Applicability of Section. This section applies to any nondramatic
musical work embodied in a phonorecord.
(b) Negotiated Licenses.-
(1) Authority for negotiations. Any owners of copyright in works to
which this section applies and any operators of coin-operated
phonorecord players may negotiate and agree upon the terms and rates of
royalty payments for the performance of such works and the proportionate
division of fees paid among copyright owners, and may designate common
agents to negotiate, agree to, pay, or receive such royalty payments.
(2) Arbitration. Parties not subject to such a negotiation, may
determine, by arbitration in accordance with the provisions of chapter
8, the terms and rates and the division of fees described in paragraph
(1).
(c) License Agreements Superior to Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel
Determinations. License agreements between one or more copyright owners
and one or more operators of coin-operated phonorecord players, which
are negotiated in accordance with subsection (b), shall be given effect
in lieu of any otherwise applicable determination by a copyright
arbitration royalty panel.
(d) Definitions. As used in this section, the following terms mean the
following:
(1) A "coin-operated phonorecord player" is a machine or device that-
(A) is employed solely for the performance of nondramatic musical works
by means of phonorecords upon being activated by the insertion of coins,
currency, tokens, or other monetary units or their equivalent;
(B) is located in an establishment making no direct or indirect charge
for admission;
(C) is accompanied by a list which is comprised of the titles of all the
musical works available for performance on it, and is affixed to the
phonorecord player or posted in the establishment in a prominent
position where it can be readily examined by the public; and
(D) affords a choice of works available for performance and permits the
choice to be made by the patrons of the establishment in which it is
located.
(2) An "operator" is any person who, alone or jointly with others-
(A) owns a coin-operated phonorecord player;
(B) has the power to make a coin-operated phonorecord player available
for placement in an establishment for purposes of public performance; or
(C) has the power to exercise primary control over the selection of the
musical works made available for public performance on a coin-operated
phonorecord player.
Section 117. Limitations on exclusive rights: Computer programs [53]
(a) Making of Additional Copy or Adaptation by Owner of Copy.
Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an infringement
for the owner of a copy of a computer program to make or authorize the
making of another copy or adaptation of that computer program provided:
(1) that such a new copy or adaptation is created as an essential step
in the utilization of the computer program in conjunction with a machine
and that it is used in no other manner, or
(2) that such new copy or adaptation is for archival purposes only and
that all archival copies are destroyed in the event that continued
possession of the computer program should cease to be rightful.
(b) Lease, Sale, or Other Transfer of Additional Copy or Adaptation. Any
exact copies prepared in accordance with the provisions of this section
may be leased, sold, or otherwise transferred, along with the copy from
which such copies were prepared, only as part of the lease, sale, or
other transfer of all rights in the program. Adaptations so prepared may
be transferred only with the authorization of the copyright owner.
(c) Machine Maintenance or Repair. Notwithstanding the provisions of
section 106, it is not an infringement for
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